diff --git a/src/py/mat3ra/code/constants.py b/src/py/mat3ra/code/constants.py
index 5081fe6..a47976a 100644
--- a/src/py/mat3ra/code/constants.py
+++ b/src/py/mat3ra/code/constants.py
@@ -2,6 +2,8 @@
 
 from mat3ra.esse.models.definitions.constants import FundamentalConstants
 
+HASH_TOLERANCE = 3  # decimal places; mirrors @mat3ra/code/dist/js/constants.ts HASH_TOLERANCE
+
 CONSTANTS = FundamentalConstants()
 
 
diff --git a/src/py/mat3ra/code/utils.py b/src/py/mat3ra/code/utils.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..92aaba7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/py/mat3ra/code/utils.py
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+import hashlib
+import json
+import re
+from typing import Any
+
+
+def sort_keys_deep(obj: Any) -> Any:
+    """Mirrors JS sortKeysDeepForObject: recursively sort object keys alphabetically."""
+    if callable(getattr(obj, "model_dump", None)):
+        return sort_keys_deep(obj.model_dump(mode="json", exclude_none=True))
+    if isinstance(obj, list):
+        return [sort_keys_deep(item) for item in obj]
+    if isinstance(obj, dict):
+        return {k: sort_keys_deep(obj[k]) for k in sorted(obj.keys())}
+    return obj
+
+
+def calculate_hash_from_object(obj: Any) -> str:
+    """Mirrors JS calculateHashFromObject: MD5 of JSON.stringify(sortKeysDeep(obj))."""
+    message = json.dumps(sort_keys_deep(obj), separators=(",", ":"))
+    return hashlib.md5(message.encode()).hexdigest()
+
+
+def remove_timestampable_keys(config: dict) -> dict:
+    """Mirrors JS removeTimestampableKeysFromConfig: removes createdAt, updatedAt, removedAt."""
+    return {k: v for k, v in config.items() if k not in ("createdAt", "updatedAt", "removedAt")}
+
+
+def remove_comments_from_source_code(text: str, language: str = "shell") -> str:
+    """Mirrors JS removeCommentsFromSourceCode: removes lines starting with # (except shebang)."""
+    return re.sub(r"^(\s+)?#(?!!).*$", "", text, flags=re.MULTILINE)
+
+
+def remove_empty_lines_from_string(text: str) -> str:
+    """Mirrors JS removeEmptyLinesFromString: removes empty lines and trims."""
+    return re.sub(r"^\s*[\r\n]", "", text, flags=re.MULTILINE).strip()
+