LanguageLab/index.html at main · connorrogerson/LanguageLab · GitHub

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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<title>LanguageLab — Language Practice</title>
<link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=DM+Serif+Display:ital@0;1&family=Outfit:wght@300;400;500;600;700&display=swap" rel="stylesheet">
<style>
:root {
  --ink: #1a1a2e;
  --cream: #faf8f4;
  --warm: #f5f0e8;
  --red: #c0392b;
  --gold: #d4a017;
  --green: #27ae60;
  --blue: #9a7300;
  --muted: #7f8c8d;
  --border: #ddd5c8;
  --card: #ffffff;
}
* { margin: 0; padding: 0; box-sizing: border-box; }
body { font-family: 'Outfit', sans-serif; background: var(--cream); color: var(--ink); min-height: 100vh; }
.app-container { max-width: 900px; margin: 0 auto; padding: 20px; min-height: 100vh; }
.app-header { text-align: center; padding: 44px 0 24px; border-bottom: 3px solid var(--ink); margin-bottom: 32px; position: relative; }
.app-header::before { content: ''; position: absolute; top: 0; left: 0; right: 0; height: 6px; background: linear-gradient(to bottom, #222 0% 33.33%, #c0392b 33.33% 66.66%, #c8a200 66.66% 100%); }
.app-header::after { content: ''; position: absolute; bottom: -6px; left: 0; right: 0; height: 1px; background: var(--ink); }
.app-title { font-family: 'DM Serif Display', serif; font-size: 2.8rem; letter-spacing: -0.02em; line-height: 1.1; }
.app-title span { color: var(--red); }
.app-subtitle { font-size: 0.95rem; color: var(--muted); margin-top: 6px; font-weight: 300; letter-spacing: 0.08em; text-transform: uppercase; }
.nav-bar { display: flex; margin-bottom: 32px; border: 2px solid var(--ink); overflow: hidden; }
.nav-btn { flex: 1; padding: 14px 12px; border: none; background: var(--card); font-family: 'Outfit', sans-serif; font-size: 0.85rem; font-weight: 600; cursor: pointer; transition: all 0.2s; text-transform: uppercase; letter-spacing: 0.06em; color: var(--ink); border-right: 1px solid var(--border); }
.nav-btn:last-child { border-right: none; }
.nav-btn:hover { background: var(--warm); }
.nav-btn.active { background: var(--ink); color: var(--cream); }
.card { background: var(--card); border: 2px solid var(--ink); padding: 28px; margin-bottom: 20px; }
.card-header { font-family: 'DM Serif Display', serif; font-size: 1.4rem; margin-bottom: 16px; padding-bottom: 12px; border-bottom: 1px solid var(--border); }
.info-box { padding: 14px 18px; background: var(--warm); border-left: 4px solid var(--blue); font-size: 0.9rem; margin-bottom: 20px; line-height: 1.5; }
.info-box.error { border-left-color: var(--red); }
.drill-verb-display { text-align: center; padding: 24px; margin-bottom: 24px; background: var(--ink); color: var(--cream); }
.drill-verb { font-family: 'DM Serif Display', serif; font-size: 2.2rem; }
.drill-meaning { font-size: 0.9rem; opacity: 0.7; margin-top: 4px; }
.drill-tense { display: inline-block; margin-top: 8px; padding: 4px 16px; background: var(--red); color: white; font-size: 0.8rem; font-weight: 600; text-transform: uppercase; letter-spacing: 0.08em; }
.drill-grid { display: grid; grid-template-columns: 1fr 1fr; gap: 12px; }
.drill-item { display: flex; align-items: center; gap: 12px; padding: 10px 14px; border: 1px solid var(--border); background: var(--warm); }
.drill-pronoun { font-weight: 600; min-width: 80px; font-size: 0.95rem; color: var(--blue); }
.drill-input { flex: 1; padding: 8px 12px; border: 2px solid var(--border); font-family: 'Outfit', sans-serif; font-size: 0.95rem; background: white; transition: border-color 0.2s; }
.drill-input:focus { outline: none; border-color: var(--blue); }
.drill-input.correct { border-color: var(--green); background: #e8f8f0; }
.drill-input.incorrect { border-color: var(--red); background: #fde8e6; }
.drill-answer { font-size: 0.85rem; margin-top: 4px; font-weight: 500; color: var(--red); }
.btn { padding: 12px 28px; border: 2px solid var(--ink); font-family: 'Outfit', sans-serif; font-size: 0.9rem; font-weight: 600; cursor: pointer; transition: all 0.15s; text-transform: uppercase; letter-spacing: 0.06em; }
.btn-primary { background: var(--ink); color: var(--cream); }
.btn-primary:hover { background: var(--red); border-color: var(--red); }
.btn-secondary { background: var(--card); color: var(--ink); }
.btn-secondary:hover { background: var(--warm); }
.btn-group { display: flex; gap: 10px; margin-top: 20px; flex-wrap: wrap; }
.score-bar { display: flex; align-items: center; justify-content: space-between; padding: 12px 16px; background: var(--warm); border: 1px solid var(--border); margin-bottom: 20px; font-size: 0.9rem; }
.score-num { font-weight: 700; font-size: 1.1rem; }
.score-num.good { color: var(--green); }
.score-num.ok { color: var(--gold); }
.score-num.poor { color: var(--red); }
.streak { display: inline-flex; align-items: center; gap: 4px; font-size: 0.85rem; font-weight: 600; color: var(--gold); }
.filter-bar { display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; gap: 8px; margin-bottom: 20px; }
.filter-chip { padding: 6px 16px; border: 1.5px solid var(--border); background: var(--card); font-family: 'Outfit', sans-serif; font-size: 0.82rem; font-weight: 500; cursor: pointer; transition: all 0.15s; }
.filter-chip:hover { border-color: var(--ink); }
.filter-chip.active { background: var(--ink); color: var(--cream); border-color: var(--ink); }
.tense-selector { display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; gap: 0; margin-bottom: 20px; border: 2px solid var(--ink); overflow: hidden; }
.tense-btn { flex: 1 1 auto; min-width: 100px; padding: 10px 8px; border: none; background: var(--card); font-family: 'Outfit', sans-serif; font-size: 0.78rem; font-weight: 600; cursor: pointer; transition: all 0.2s; border-right: 1px solid var(--border); border-bottom: 1px solid var(--border); text-transform: uppercase; letter-spacing: 0.03em; }
.tense-btn:hover { background: var(--warm); }
.tense-btn.active { background: var(--red); color: white; }
.voice-toggle { display: flex; margin-bottom: 16px; border: 1.5px solid var(--border); overflow: hidden; }
.voice-btn { flex: 1; padding: 8px 12px; border: none; background: var(--card); font-family: 'Outfit', sans-serif; font-size: 0.8rem; font-weight: 600; cursor: pointer; transition: all 0.2s; text-transform: uppercase; letter-spacing: 0.05em; color: var(--muted); }
.voice-btn:first-child { border-right: 1px solid var(--border); }
.voice-btn:hover { background: var(--warm); color: var(--ink); }
.voice-btn.active { background: var(--ink); color: var(--cream); }
.mode-toggle { display: flex; margin-bottom: 20px; border: 2px solid var(--ink); overflow: hidden; }
.mode-btn { flex: 1; padding: 12px; border: none; background: var(--card); font-family: 'Outfit', sans-serif; font-size: 0.85rem; font-weight: 600; cursor: pointer; transition: all 0.2s; text-transform: uppercase; letter-spacing: 0.06em; color: var(--ink); }
.mode-btn:first-child { border-right: 1px solid var(--border); }
.mode-btn:hover { background: var(--warm); }
.mode-btn.active { background: var(--blue); color: white; }
.random-item { padding: 14px 18px; border: 1px solid var(--border); background: var(--warm); margin-bottom: 10px; }
.random-prompt { font-size: 0.95rem; margin-bottom: 8px; line-height: 1.5; }
.random-prompt strong { color: var(--blue); }
.random-prompt .tense-tag { display: inline-block; padding: 2px 10px; background: var(--red); color: white; font-size: 0.75rem; font-weight: 600; text-transform: uppercase; letter-spacing: 0.04em; margin-left: 6px; vertical-align: middle; }
.random-number { display: inline-flex; align-items: center; justify-content: center; width: 28px; height: 28px; background: var(--ink); color: var(--cream); font-weight: 700; font-size: 0.85rem; margin-right: 10px; flex-shrink: 0; }
.flashcard-container { perspective: 1000px; margin: 20px 0; }
.flashcard { width: 100%; min-height: 220px; cursor: pointer; position: relative; transform-style: preserve-3d; transition: transform 0.5s ease; }
.flashcard.flipped { transform: rotateY(180deg); }
.flashcard-face { position: absolute; inset: 0; backface-visibility: hidden; display: flex; flex-direction: column; align-items: center; justify-content: center; padding: 32px; border: 2px solid var(--ink); }
.flashcard-front { background: var(--ink); color: var(--cream); }
.flashcard-back { background: var(--card); transform: rotateY(180deg); }
.flashcard-word { font-family: 'DM Serif Display', serif; font-size: 2rem; text-align: center; }
.flashcard-detail { font-size: 0.95rem; margin-top: 8px; opacity: 0.7; }
.flashcard-gender { display: inline-block; margin-top: 12px; padding: 4px 14px; font-size: 0.8rem; font-weight: 600; text-transform: uppercase; letter-spacing: 0.06em; }
.gender-m { background: #222; color: white; }
.gender-f { background: var(--red); color: white; }
.gender-n { background: #c8a200; color: white; }
.flashcard-hint { font-size: 0.8rem; color: var(--muted); margin-top: 16px; }
.flashcard-progress { text-align: center; margin-bottom: 16px; font-size: 0.9rem; color: var(--muted); }
.flashcard-nav { display: flex; justify-content: center; gap: 12px; margin-top: 16px; }
.vocab-prompt-card { text-align: center; padding: 36px 24px 28px; margin: 16px 0; background: var(--ink); color: var(--cream); }
.vocab-prompt-label { font-size: 0.75rem; text-transform: uppercase; letter-spacing: 0.12em; opacity: 0.6; margin-bottom: 14px; font-weight: 600; }
.vocab-prompt-word { font-family: 'DM Serif Display', serif; font-size: 2.4rem; line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 14px; }
.vocab-topic-tag { display: inline-block; margin-top: 10px; padding: 3px 12px; background: rgba(255,255,255,0.13); font-size: 0.75rem; font-weight: 600; text-transform: uppercase; letter-spacing: 0.07em; }
.vocab-input-area { display: flex; gap: 10px; margin: 16px 0 10px; }
.vocab-type-input { flex: 1; padding: 14px 16px; border: 2px solid var(--border); font-family: 'Outfit', sans-serif; font-size: 1.05rem; background: white; transition: border-color 0.2s; }
.vocab-type-input:focus { outline: none; border-color: var(--blue); }
.vocab-type-input.v-correct { border-color: var(--green); background: #e8f8f0; }
.vocab-type-input.v-incorrect { border-color: var(--red); background: #fde8e6; }
.vocab-feedback { display: flex; align-items: center; gap: 12px; flex-wrap: wrap; padding: 12px 16px; font-weight: 600; font-size: 0.95rem; margin-bottom: 4px; }
.vocab-feedback.v-correct { background: #e8f8f0; border: 1px solid var(--green); color: #1e7d48; }
.vocab-feedback.v-incorrect { background: #fde8e6; border: 1px solid var(--red); color: var(--red); }
.vocab-correct-answer { font-weight: 400; color: var(--ink); font-size: 0.9rem; }
.vocab-progress { text-align: right; font-size: 0.82rem; color: var(--muted); margin-bottom: 14px; }
.worksheet-preview { border: 2px solid var(--ink); padding: 32px; background: white; font-size: 0.95rem; }
.ws-title { font-family: 'DM Serif Display', serif; font-size: 1.6rem; text-align: center; margin-bottom: 4px; }
.ws-subtitle { text-align: center; color: var(--muted); font-size: 0.85rem; margin-bottom: 24px; padding-bottom: 16px; border-bottom: 1px solid var(--border); }
.ws-section { margin-bottom: 24px; }
.ws-section-title { font-weight: 700; font-size: 1rem; margin-bottom: 12px; text-transform: uppercase; letter-spacing: 0.04em; color: var(--blue); }
.ws-question { display: flex; align-items: baseline; gap: 8px; margin-bottom: 10px; line-height: 1.6; }
.ws-q-num { font-weight: 700; min-width: 24px; color: var(--muted); }
.ws-blank { display: inline-block; min-width: 140px; border-bottom: 1.5px solid var(--ink); margin: 0 4px; }
.ws-name-line { display: flex; justify-content: space-between; margin-bottom: 20px; padding-bottom: 12px; border-bottom: 1px dashed var(--border); }
.ws-name-field { font-size: 0.85rem; color: var(--muted); }
.ws-answer-key { margin-top: 24px; padding-top: 16px; border-top: 2px dashed var(--border); font-size: 0.85rem; color: var(--muted); }
.ws-answer-key strong { display: block; margin-bottom: 6px; color: var(--ink); text-transform: uppercase; letter-spacing: 0.04em; }
.loading { text-align: center; padding: 60px 20px; }
.loading-spinner { display: inline-block; width: 32px; height: 32px; border: 3px solid var(--border); border-top-color: var(--blue); border-radius: 50%; animation: spin 0.8s linear infinite; margin-bottom: 16px; }
@keyframes spin { to { transform: rotate(360deg); } }
.loading-text { font-size: 0.95rem; color: var(--muted); }
.db-stats { font-size: 0.8rem; color: var(--muted); text-align: center; margin-top: -20px; margin-bottom: 24px; }
@media print { .no-print { display: none !important; } .worksheet-preview { border: none; padding: 20px 0; } body { background: white; } }
@media (max-width: 600px) { .app-title { font-size: 2rem; } .card { padding: 18px; } .nav-btn { font-size: 0.75rem; padding: 10px 6px; } .drill-verb { font-size: 1.6rem; } .drill-grid { grid-template-columns: 1fr; } .tense-btn { min-width: 80px; font-size: 0.72rem; padding: 8px 4px; } }
/* ── Cheatsheet ── */
.cs-section-label { font-family: 'DM Serif Display', serif; font-size: 1.4rem; color: var(--ink); margin-bottom: 4px; }
.cs-section-sub { color: var(--muted); font-size: 0.87rem; margin-bottom: 22px; }
.cs-divider { font-family: 'DM Serif Display', serif; font-size: 1.15rem; color: var(--ink); margin: 36px 0 14px; padding-bottom: 8px; border-bottom: 2px solid var(--border); }
.tense-card { background: var(--card); border: 1.5px solid var(--border); border-radius: 8px; margin-bottom: 18px; overflow: hidden; }
.tense-card-header { display: flex; align-items: center; gap: 14px; padding: 13px 18px; border-bottom: 1.5px solid var(--border); background: var(--warm); }
.tense-flag { width: 16px; height: 16px; border-radius: 50%; flex-shrink: 0; }
.flag-present { background: #222; } .flag-prät { background: var(--blue); } .flag-perfekt { background: var(--red); }
.flag-plusq { background: #7d2cac; } .flag-futI { background: var(--green); } .flag-futII { background: #2471a3; }
.flag-kII { background: var(--red); } .flag-kI { background: var(--muted); }
.tense-de { font-family: 'DM Serif Display', serif; font-size: 1.1rem; color: var(--ink); }
.tense-en { font-size: 0.78rem; color: var(--muted); }
.tense-body { display: grid; grid-template-columns: 1fr 1fr; }
.tense-col { padding: 14px 18px; border-right: 1.5px solid var(--border); }
.tense-col:last-child { border-right: none; }
.col-title { font-size: 0.68rem; font-weight: 700; text-transform: uppercase; letter-spacing: 0.08em; color: var(--muted); margin-bottom: 8px; }
.cs-formula { font-family: monospace; font-size: 0.9rem; background: var(--warm); border: 1px solid var(--border); border-radius: 6px; padding: 6px 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; line-height: 1.55; }
.cs-formula .kw { color: var(--red); font-weight: 700; } .cs-formula .ex { color: var(--blue); }
.cs-example-de { font-weight: 600; font-size: 0.9rem; } .cs-example-en { font-size: 0.8rem; color: var(--muted); margin-top: 2px; }
.usage-tags { display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; gap: 6px; margin-top: 10px; }
.utag { font-size: 0.7rem; font-weight: 600; padding: 2px 8px; border-radius: 20px; border: 1.5px solid currentColor; }
.utag-spoken { color: var(--green); } .utag-written { color: #2471a3; } .utag-formal { color: var(--red); } .utag-common { color: var(--blue); } .utag-modal { color: #7d2cac; }
.passive-bar { background: var(--warm); border-top: 1.5px solid var(--border); padding: 9px 18px; display: flex; align-items: flex-start; gap: 10px; }
.passive-bar-label { font-size: 0.65rem; font-weight: 700; text-transform: uppercase; letter-spacing: 0.08em; color: var(--muted); white-space: nowrap; padding-top: 2px; }
.passive-formula { font-family: monospace; font-size: 0.83rem; color: var(--ink); }
.passive-formula .kw { color: var(--red); font-weight: 700; }
.cs-ref-table { width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 0.86rem; border: 1.5px solid var(--border); border-radius: 8px; overflow: hidden; }
.cs-ref-table th { background: var(--ink); color: var(--cream); padding: 10px 14px; text-align: left; font-weight: 600; font-size: 0.76rem; text-transform: uppercase; letter-spacing: 0.06em; }
.cs-ref-table td { padding: 9px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid var(--border); vertical-align: top; }
.cs-ref-table tr:last-child td { border-bottom: none; } .cs-ref-table tr:nth-child(even) td { background: var(--warm); }
.cs-ref-table td:first-child { font-weight: 600; } .mono { font-family: monospace; font-size: 0.84rem; }
.cs-note { background: #fffbe6; border: 1.5px solid var(--gold); border-radius: 8px; padding: 11px 15px; font-size: 0.84rem; color: #5a4a00; margin-top: 16px; }
.modal-grid { display: grid; grid-template-columns: repeat(auto-fill, minmax(258px, 1fr)); gap: 16px; margin-top: 4px; }
.modal-card { background: var(--card); border: 1.5px solid var(--border); border-radius: 8px; overflow: hidden; }
.modal-card-header { display: flex; align-items: baseline; gap: 10px; padding: 10px 14px; background: var(--warm); border-bottom: 1.5px solid var(--border); }
.modal-infinitive { font-family: 'DM Serif Display', serif; font-size: 1.05rem; color: var(--ink); }
.modal-meaning { font-size: 0.77rem; color: var(--muted); }
.modal-conj-table { width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 0.81rem; }
.modal-conj-table td { padding: 5px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid var(--border); }
.modal-conj-table tr:last-child td { border-bottom: none; }
.modal-conj-table td:first-child { color: var(--muted); width: 46%; }
.modal-conj-table td:last-child { font-weight: 600; }
.modal-conj-table tr:nth-child(even) td { background: var(--warm); }
.modal-use-row { padding: 8px 14px; font-size: 0.8rem; border-top: 1.5px solid var(--border); background: var(--warm); }
.modal-use-row strong { color: var(--red); }
/* ── Spanish theme ── */
body.lang-es { --red:#c60b1e; --gold:#ffc400; --blue:#c8950a; }
body.lang-es .app-header::before { background: linear-gradient(to bottom, #c60b1e 0% 25%, #ffc400 25% 75%, #c60b1e 75% 100%); }
body.lang-es .gender-m { background:#1a6eb5; color:white; }
body.lang-es .gender-f { background:#c60b1e; color:white; }
/* ── Language switcher ── */
.lang-switcher { position:absolute; right:20px; top:50%; transform:translateY(-50%); display:flex; gap:6px; }
.lang-btn { padding:6px 10px; border:2px solid transparent; background:rgba(255,255,255,0.15); font-size:1.3rem; border-radius:6px; cursor:pointer; transition:all 0.15s; line-height:1; }
.lang-btn:hover { background:rgba(255,255,255,0.25); }
.lang-btn.active { border-color:var(--cream); background:rgba(255,255,255,0.2); }
@media (max-width: 600px) { .tense-body { grid-template-columns: 1fr; } .modal-grid { grid-template-columns: 1fr; } }
</style>
</head>
<body class="lang-de">
<div class="app-container">
  <header class="app-header no-print">
    <h1 class="app-title">Language<span>Lab</span></h1>
    <p class="app-subtitle">Language Practice</p>
    <div class="lang-switcher no-print">
      <button class="lang-btn active" data-lang="de">🇩🇪</button>
      <button class="lang-btn" data-lang="es">🇪🇸</button>
    </div>
  </header>
  <nav class="nav-bar no-print" id="nav">
    <button class="nav-btn active" data-page="conjugation">Conjugation</button>
    <button class="nav-btn" data-page="vocab">Vocabulary</button>
    <button class="nav-btn" data-page="worksheet">Worksheets</button>
    <button class="nav-btn" data-page="cheatsheet">Cheatsheet</button>
  </nav>
  <main id="main-content">
    <div class="loading"><div class="loading-spinner"></div><div class="loading-text">Loading language data...</div></div>
  </main>
</div>
<script>
// ════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
// DATA LOADING — all language content lives in /data/*.json
// To update verbs or vocab, edit those files, not this one.
// ════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════

const PRONOUNS=["ich","du","er/sie/es","wir","ihr","sie/Sie"];
const ALL_TENSES=["present","präteritum","perfekt","plusquamperfekt","futurI","futurII","konjunktivII","konjunktivI"];
const TENSE_LABELS={present:"Präsens","präteritum":"Präteritum",perfekt:"Perfekt",plusquamperfekt:"Plusquamperfekt",futurI:"Futur I",futurII:"Futur II",konjunktivII:"Konjunktiv II",konjunktivI:"Konjunktiv I"};

const ES_PRONOUNS=["yo","tú","él/ella","nosotros","vosotros","ellos/ellas"];
const ES_ALL_TENSES=["presente","indefinido","imperfecto","subjuntivoPres","perfecto","pluscuamperfecto","futuro","condicional"];
const ES_TENSE_LABELS={presente:"Presente",indefinido:"Indefinido",imperfecto:"Imperfecto",subjuntivoPres:"Subj. Presente",perfecto:"Pretérito Perfecto",pluscuamperfecto:"Pluscuamperfecto",futuro:"Futuro Simple",condicional:"Condicional"};

let VERBS=[],VOCAB=[],TOPICS=[];
let DE_VERBS=[],DE_VOCAB=[],DE_TOPICS=[],ES_VERBS=[],ES_VOCAB=[],ES_TOPICS=[];
let dataLoaded=false,loadError=null;

const WERDEN_PRESENT={ich:"werde",du:"wirst","er/sie/es":"wird",wir:"werden",ihr:"werdet","sie/Sie":"werden"};
const HABEN_PRÄT={ich:"hatte",du:"hattest","er/sie/es":"hatte",wir:"hatten",ihr:"hattet","sie/Sie":"hatten"};
const SEIN_PRÄT={ich:"war",du:"warst","er/sie/es":"war",wir:"waren",ihr:"wart","sie/Sie":"waren"};
const SEIN_PRES={ich:"bin",du:"bist","er/sie/es":"ist",wir:"sind",ihr:"seid","sie/Sie":"sind"};
const WERDEN_PRÄT={ich:"wurde",du:"wurdest","er/sie/es":"wurde",wir:"wurden",ihr:"wurdet","sie/Sie":"wurden"};
const WERDEN_KI={ich:"werde",du:"werdest","er/sie/es":"werde",wir:"werden",ihr:"werdet","sie/Sie":"werden"};
const WERDEN_KII={ich:"würde",du:"würdest","er/sie/es":"würde",wir:"würden",ihr:"würdet","sie/Sie":"würden"};

const HABER_PRES={yo:"he","tú":"has","él/ella":"ha",nosotros:"hemos",vosotros:"habéis","ellos/ellas":"han"};
const HABER_IMP={yo:"había","tú":"habías","él/ella":"había",nosotros:"habíamos",vosotros:"habíais","ellos/ellas":"habían"};

function getPassiveForms(pp,tense){const r={};PRONOUNS.forEach(p=>{switch(tense){case"present":r[p]=WERDEN_PRESENT[p]+" "+pp;break;case"präteritum":r[p]=WERDEN_PRÄT[p]+" "+pp;break;case"perfekt":r[p]=SEIN_PRES[p]+" "+pp+" worden";break;case"plusquamperfekt":r[p]=SEIN_PRÄT[p]+" "+pp+" worden";break;case"futurI":r[p]=WERDEN_PRESENT[p]+" "+pp+" werden";break;case"futurII":r[p]=WERDEN_PRESENT[p]+" "+pp+" worden sein";break;case"konjunktivII":r[p]=WERDEN_KII[p]+" "+pp+" werden";break;case"konjunktivI":r[p]=WERDEN_KI[p]+" "+pp;break;}});return r;}

function buildCompoundTenses(rawVerbs){
  const seinV=rawVerbs.find(v=>v.infinitive==="sein");
  const habenV=rawVerbs.find(v=>v.infinitive==="haben");
  return rawVerbs.map(v=>{
    const auxP=v.auxiliary==="sein"?SEIN_PRÄT:HABEN_PRÄT;
    const pp=v.pastParticiple,inf=v.infinitive,auxInf=v.auxiliary;
    const perfekt={},plusquamperfekt={},futurI={},futurII={};
    PRONOUNS.forEach(p=>{
      const auxPres=v.auxiliary==="sein"?seinV.present[p]:habenV.present[p];
      perfekt[p]=auxPres+" "+pp;
      plusquamperfekt[p]=auxP[p]+" "+pp;
      futurI[p]=WERDEN_PRESENT[p]+" "+inf;
      futurII[p]=WERDEN_PRESENT[p]+" "+pp+" "+auxInf;
    });
    return{...v,perfekt,plusquamperfekt,futurI,futurII};
  });
}

function buildCompoundTensesES(rawVerbs){
  return rawVerbs.map(v=>{
    const pp=v.pastParticiple,perfecto={},pluscuamperfecto={};
    ES_PRONOUNS.forEach(p=>{perfecto[p]=HABER_PRES[p]+" "+pp;pluscuamperfecto[p]=HABER_IMP[p]+" "+pp;});
    return{...v,perfecto,pluscuamperfecto};
  });
}

async function loadData(){
  try{
    const[vR,voR,evR,evoR]=await Promise.all([fetch("data/verbs.json"),fetch("data/vocab.json"),fetch("data/es/verbs.json"),fetch("data/es/vocab.json")]);
    if(!vR.ok)throw new Error("Could not load verbs.json ("+vR.status+")");
    if(!voR.ok)throw new Error("Could not load vocab.json ("+voR.status+")");
    if(!evR.ok)throw new Error("Could not load es/verbs.json ("+evR.status+")");
    if(!evoR.ok)throw new Error("Could not load es/vocab.json ("+evoR.status+")");
    const vD=await vR.json(),voD=await voR.json(),evD=await evR.json(),evoD=await evoR.json();
    DE_VERBS=buildCompoundTenses(vD.verbs);
    DE_VOCAB=voD.vocab;
    DE_TOPICS=[...new Set(DE_VOCAB.map(v=>v.topic))];
    ES_VERBS=buildCompoundTensesES(evD.verbs);
    ES_VOCAB=evoD.vocab;
    ES_TOPICS=[...new Set(ES_VOCAB.map(v=>v.topic))];
    VERBS=DE_VERBS; VOCAB=DE_VOCAB; TOPICS=DE_TOPICS;
    dataLoaded=true;
    console.log("LanguageLab loaded: DE "+DE_VERBS.length+" verbs / "+DE_VOCAB.length+" vocab; ES "+ES_VERBS.length+" verbs / "+ES_VOCAB.length+" vocab");
  }catch(e){loadError=e.message;console.error("Data load error:",e);}
}

// ─── UTILITIES ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────
function shuffle(a){const b=[...a];for(let i=b.length-1;i>0;i--){const j=Math.floor(Math.random()*(i+1));[b[i],b[j]]=[b[j],b[i]];}return b;}
function pick(a,n){return shuffle(a).slice(0,n);}
function randItem(a){return a[Math.floor(Math.random()*a.length)];}
function normRandom(typed,pronoun){let t=(typed||"").trim().toLowerCase();const pr=pronoun.toLowerCase();if(t.startsWith(pr+" "))t=t.slice(pr.length+1).trim();return t;}

// ─── APP STATE ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────
const S={
  page:"conjugation",conjMode:"byTense",conjScore:{correct:0,total:0},conjStreak:0,
  conjTense:"present",conjVerb:null,conjAnswers:{},conjChecked:false,
  randomQuestions:[],randomAnswers:{},randomChecked:false,conjPassive:false,
  vocabTopic:"All",vocabDirection:"de-en",vocabIncludePlurals:false,vocabQuiz:[],vocabQIdx:0,vocabTyped:"",vocabChecked:false,vocabLastCorrect:false,vocabScore:{correct:0,total:0},
  wsType:"mixed",wsData:null,wsShowAnswers:false,lang:"de"
};

// ─── NAVIGATION ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────
document.getElementById("nav").addEventListener("click",e=>{
  if(!e.target.matches(".nav-btn"))return;
  S.page=e.target.dataset.page;
  document.querySelectorAll(".nav-btn").forEach(b=>b.classList.toggle("active",b.dataset.page===S.page));
  render();
});

document.querySelectorAll('.lang-btn').forEach(b=>b.addEventListener('click',()=>{
  if(b.dataset.lang===S.lang)return;
  S.lang=b.dataset.lang;
  if(S.lang==="es"){VERBS=ES_VERBS;VOCAB=ES_VOCAB;TOPICS=ES_TOPICS;}
  else{VERBS=DE_VERBS;VOCAB=DE_VOCAB;TOPICS=DE_TOPICS;}
  S.conjVerb=null;S.conjAnswers={};S.conjChecked=false;S.randomQuestions=[];S.randomChecked=false;
  S.vocabQuiz=[];S.vocabQIdx=0;S.vocabTyped="";S.vocabChecked=false;S.wsData=null;
  document.body.className="lang-"+S.lang;
  document.querySelectorAll('.lang-btn').forEach(btn=>btn.classList.toggle('active',btn.dataset.lang===S.lang));
  render();
}));

// ─── CONJUGATION: BY-TENSE ──────────────────────────────────────────
function newVerb(){S.conjVerb=randItem(VERBS);S.conjAnswers={};S.conjChecked=false;}

function checkByTense(){
  S.conjChecked=true;
  const c=S.conjPassive?getPassiveForms(S.conjVerb.pastParticiple,S.conjTense):S.conjVerb[S.conjTense];
  let all=true,n=0;
  PRONOUNS.forEach(p=>{if((S.conjAnswers[p]||"").trim().toLowerCase()===c[p].toLowerCase())n++;else all=false;});
  S.conjScore.correct+=n;S.conjScore.total+=6;
  S.conjStreak=all?S.conjStreak+1:0;
  renderConj();
}

function renderByTense(){
  if(!S.conjVerb)newVerb();
  const v=S.conjVerb,t=S.conjTense,passive=S.conjPassive;
  const c=passive?getPassiveForms(v.pastParticiple,t):v[t];
  const pct=S.conjScore.total>0?Math.round(S.conjScore.correct/S.conjScore.total*100):null;
  let sc='';
  if(pct!==null||S.conjStreak>1)sc=`<div class="score-bar no-print">${pct!==null?`<span>Accuracy: <span class="score-num ${pct>=80?'good':pct>=50?'ok':'poor'}">${pct}%</span></span>`:''} ${S.conjStreak>1?`<span class="streak">\uD83D\uDD25 ${S.conjStreak} in a row</span>`:''}</div>`;
  const passivePlaceholder=passive?`e.g. ${c["er/sie/es"]}`:"...";
  return`<div class="tense-selector no-print">${ALL_TENSES.map(tn=>`<button class="tense-btn ${t===tn?'active':''}" data-tense="${tn}">${TENSE_LABELS[tn]}</button>`).join('')}</div><div class="voice-toggle no-print"><button class="voice-btn ${!passive?'active':''}" data-voice="active">Aktiv</button><button class="voice-btn ${passive?'active':''}" data-voice="passive">Passiv (Vorgangspassiv)</button></div>${sc}<div class="drill-verb-display"><div class="drill-verb">${v.infinitive}</div><div class="drill-meaning">${v.meaning}${passive?` &mdash; <em style="opacity:0.7;font-size:0.85rem">Partizip II: ${v.pastParticiple}</em>`:''}</div><div class="drill-tense">${TENSE_LABELS[t]}${passive?' &mdash; Passiv':''}</div></div><div class="drill-grid">${PRONOUNS.map((p,i)=>{const a=S.conjAnswers[p]||'',ok=S.conjChecked&&a.trim().toLowerCase()===c[p].toLowerCase(),bad=S.conjChecked&&!ok;return`<div class="drill-item"><span class="drill-pronoun">${p}</span><div style="flex:1"><input class="drill-input ${S.conjChecked?(ok?'correct':'incorrect'):''}" data-pronoun="${p}" data-idx="${i}" value="${a}" ${S.conjChecked?'disabled':''} placeholder="${passivePlaceholder}" autocomplete="off" spellcheck="false">${bad?`<div class="drill-answer">\u2192 ${c[p]}</div>`:''}</div></div>`;}).join('')}</div><div class="btn-group no-print">${!S.conjChecked?`<button class="btn btn-primary" id="checkBtn">Check Answers</button><button class="btn btn-secondary" id="skipBtn">Skip</button>`:`<button class="btn btn-primary" id="nextBtn">Next Verb \u2192</button>`}</div>`;
}

function bindByTense(){
  document.querySelectorAll('.tense-btn').forEach(b=>b.addEventListener('click',()=>{S.conjTense=b.dataset.tense;newVerb();renderConj();}));
  document.querySelectorAll('.drill-input').forEach(inp=>{
    inp.addEventListener('input',()=>{S.conjAnswers[inp.dataset.pronoun]=inp.value;});
    inp.addEventListener('keydown',e=>{if(e.key==='Enter'){const i=parseInt(inp.dataset.idx);if(i<PRONOUNS.length-1)document.querySelector(`.drill-input[data-idx="${i+1}"]`)?.focus();else checkByTense();}});
  });
  document.getElementById('checkBtn')?.addEventListener('click',checkByTense);
  document.getElementById('skipBtn')?.addEventListener('click',()=>{newVerb();renderConj();});
  document.getElementById('nextBtn')?.addEventListener('click',()=>{newVerb();renderConj();});
  document.querySelectorAll('.voice-btn').forEach(b=>b.addEventListener('click',()=>{S.conjPassive=b.dataset.voice==='passive';newVerb();renderConj();}));
  if(!S.conjChecked)document.querySelector('.drill-input[data-idx="0"]')?.focus();
}

// ─── CONJUGATION: RANDOM ────────────────────────────────────────────
function genRandom(){
  const qs=[];for(let i=0;i<10;i++){const v=randItem(VERBS),t=randItem(ALL_TENSES),p=randItem(PRONOUNS);qs.push({verb:v,tense:t,pronoun:p,answer:v[t][p]});}
  S.randomQuestions=qs;S.randomAnswers={};S.randomChecked=false;
}

function checkRandom(){
  S.randomChecked=true;let n=0;
  S.randomQuestions.forEach((q,i)=>{if(normRandom(S.randomAnswers[i],q.pronoun)===q.answer.toLowerCase())n++;});
  S.conjScore.correct+=n;S.conjScore.total+=10;
  S.conjStreak=n===10?S.conjStreak+1:0;
  renderConj();
}

function renderRandom(){
  if(S.randomQuestions.length===0)genRandom();
  const qs=S.randomQuestions,pct=S.conjScore.total>0?Math.round(S.conjScore.correct/S.conjScore.total*100):null;
  let res='';
  if(S.randomChecked){const c=qs.filter((q,i)=>normRandom(S.randomAnswers[i],q.pronoun)===q.answer.toLowerCase()).length;res=`<div class="score-bar"><span>This round: <span class="score-num ${c>=8?'good':c>=5?'ok':'poor'}">${c}/10</span></span>${pct!==null?`<span>Overall: <span class="score-num ${pct>=80?'good':pct>=50?'ok':'poor'}">${pct}%</span></span>`:''}</div>`;}
  else if(pct!==null)res=`<div class="score-bar no-print"><span>Overall accuracy: <span class="score-num ${pct>=80?'good':pct>=50?'ok':'poor'}">${pct}%</span></span></div>`;
  return`${res}<div class="info-box">10 random questions \u2014 any verb, any tense, any pronoun. Press <strong>Enter</strong> to move between fields.</div>${qs.map((q,i)=>{const a=S.randomAnswers[i]||'',ok=S.randomChecked&&normRandom(a,q.pronoun)===q.answer.toLowerCase(),bad=S.randomChecked&&!ok;return`<div class="random-item"><div class="random-prompt"><span class="random-number">${i+1}</span><strong>${q.verb.infinitive}</strong> (${q.verb.meaning})<span class="tense-tag">${TENSE_LABELS[q.tense]}</span></div><div class="drill-item" style="margin-top:8px"><span class="drill-pronoun">${q.pronoun}</span><div style="flex:1"><input class="drill-input ${S.randomChecked?(ok?'correct':'incorrect'):''}" data-ridx="${i}" value="${a}" ${S.randomChecked?'disabled':''} placeholder="conjugated form..." autocomplete="off" spellcheck="false">${bad?`<div class="drill-answer">\u2192 ${q.answer}</div>`:''}</div></div></div>`;}).join('')}<div class="btn-group no-print">${!S.randomChecked?`<button class="btn btn-primary" id="checkRandomBtn">Check All</button><button class="btn btn-secondary" id="regenBtn">New Questions</button>`:`<button class="btn btn-primary" id="nextRandomBtn">New Round \u2192</button>`}</div>`;
}

function bindRandom(){
  document.querySelectorAll('.drill-input[data-ridx]').forEach(inp=>{
    inp.addEventListener('input',()=>{S.randomAnswers[parseInt(inp.dataset.ridx)]=inp.value;});
    inp.addEventListener('keydown',e=>{if(e.key==='Enter'){const i=parseInt(inp.dataset.ridx);if(i<9)document.querySelector(`.drill-input[data-ridx="${i+1}"]`)?.focus();else checkRandom();}});
  });
  document.getElementById('checkRandomBtn')?.addEventListener('click',checkRandom);
  document.getElementById('regenBtn')?.addEventListener('click',()=>{genRandom();renderConj();});
  document.getElementById('nextRandomBtn')?.addEventListener('click',()=>{genRandom();renderConj();});
  if(!S.randomChecked)document.querySelector('.drill-input[data-ridx="0"]')?.focus();
}

// ─── CONJUGATION: MAIN ──────────────────────────────────────────────
function renderConj(){
  const m=document.getElementById("main-content"),mode=S.conjMode;
  const content=mode==="byTense"?renderByTense():renderRandom();
  m.innerHTML=`<div class="card"><h2 class="card-header">Verb Conjugation Drill</h2><div class="mode-toggle no-print"><button class="mode-btn ${mode==='byTense'?'active':''}" data-mode="byTense">By Tense</button><button class="mode-btn ${mode==='random'?'active':''}" data-mode="random">Random Mix</button></div>${content}</div><div class="db-stats no-print">${VERBS.length} verbs loaded \u00b7 ${ALL_TENSES.length} tenses</div>`;
  document.querySelectorAll('.mode-btn').forEach(b=>b.addEventListener('click',()=>{S.conjMode=b.dataset.mode;renderConj();}));
  if(mode==="byTense")bindByTense();else bindRandom();
}

// ─── CONJUGATION: SPANISH ────────────────────────────────────────────
function newVerbES(){S.conjVerb=randItem(ES_VERBS);S.conjAnswers={};S.conjChecked=false;}

function checkByTenseES(){
  S.conjChecked=true;
  const c=S.conjVerb[S.conjTense];
  let all=true,n=0;
  ES_PRONOUNS.forEach(p=>{if((S.conjAnswers[p]||"").trim().toLowerCase()===c[p].toLowerCase())n++;else all=false;});
  S.conjScore.correct+=n;S.conjScore.total+=6;
  S.conjStreak=all?S.conjStreak+1:0;
  renderConjES();
}

function renderByTenseES(){
  if(!S.conjVerb||!S.conjVerb.presente)newVerbES();
  const v=S.conjVerb,t=S.conjTense;
  if(!v[t]){S.conjTense="presente";return renderByTenseES();}
  const c=v[t];
  const pct=S.conjScore.total>0?Math.round(S.conjScore.correct/S.conjScore.total*100):null;
  let sc='';
  if(pct!==null||S.conjStreak>1)sc=`<div class="score-bar no-print">${pct!==null?`<span>Accuracy: <span class="score-num ${pct>=80?'good':pct>=50?'ok':'poor'}">${pct}%</span></span>`:''} ${S.conjStreak>1?`<span class="streak">🔥 ${S.conjStreak} in a row</span>`:''}</div>`;
  return`<div class="tense-selector no-print">${ES_ALL_TENSES.map(tn=>`<button class="tense-btn ${t===tn?'active':''}" data-tense="${tn}">${ES_TENSE_LABELS[tn]}</button>`).join('')}</div>${sc}<div class="drill-verb-display"><div class="drill-verb">${v.infinitive}</div><div class="drill-meaning">${v.meaning}</div><div class="drill-tense">${ES_TENSE_LABELS[t]}</div></div><div class="drill-grid">${ES_PRONOUNS.map((p,i)=>{const a=S.conjAnswers[p]||'',ok=S.conjChecked&&a.trim().toLowerCase()===c[p].toLowerCase(),bad=S.conjChecked&&!ok;return`<div class="drill-item"><span class="drill-pronoun">${p}</span><div style="flex:1"><input class="drill-input ${S.conjChecked?(ok?'correct':'incorrect'):''}" data-pronoun="${p}" data-idx="${i}" value="${a}" ${S.conjChecked?'disabled':''} placeholder="..." autocomplete="off" spellcheck="false">${bad?`<div class="drill-answer">→ ${c[p]}</div>`:''}</div></div>`;}).join('')}</div><div class="btn-group no-print">${!S.conjChecked?`<button class="btn btn-primary" id="checkBtn">Check Answers</button><button class="btn btn-secondary" id="skipBtn">Skip</button>`:`<button class="btn btn-primary" id="nextBtn">Next Verb →</button>`}</div>`;
}

function bindByTenseES(){
  document.querySelectorAll('.tense-btn').forEach(b=>b.addEventListener('click',()=>{S.conjTense=b.dataset.tense;newVerbES();renderConjES();}));
  document.querySelectorAll('.drill-input').forEach(inp=>{
    inp.addEventListener('input',()=>{S.conjAnswers[inp.dataset.pronoun]=inp.value;});
    inp.addEventListener('keydown',e=>{if(e.key==='Enter'){const i=parseInt(inp.dataset.idx);if(i<ES_PRONOUNS.length-1)document.querySelector(`.drill-input[data-idx="${i+1}"]`)?.focus();else checkByTenseES();}});
  });
  document.getElementById('checkBtn')?.addEventListener('click',checkByTenseES);
  document.getElementById('skipBtn')?.addEventListener('click',()=>{newVerbES();renderConjES();});
  document.getElementById('nextBtn')?.addEventListener('click',()=>{newVerbES();renderConjES();});
  if(!S.conjChecked)document.querySelector('.drill-input[data-idx="0"]')?.focus();
}

function genRandomES(){
  const qs=[];for(let i=0;i<10;i++){const v=randItem(ES_VERBS),t=randItem(ES_ALL_TENSES),p=randItem(ES_PRONOUNS);if(v[t]&&v[t][p])qs.push({verb:v,tense:t,pronoun:p,answer:v[t][p]});}
  S.randomQuestions=qs;S.randomAnswers={};S.randomChecked=false;
}

function checkRandomES(){
  S.randomChecked=true;let n=0;
  S.randomQuestions.forEach((q,i)=>{if(normRandom(S.randomAnswers[i],q.pronoun)===q.answer.toLowerCase())n++;});
  S.conjScore.correct+=n;S.conjScore.total+=S.randomQuestions.length;
  S.conjStreak=n===S.randomQuestions.length?S.conjStreak+1:0;
  renderConjES();
}

function renderRandomES(){
  if(S.randomQuestions.length===0)genRandomES();
  const qs=S.randomQuestions,pct=S.conjScore.total>0?Math.round(S.conjScore.correct/S.conjScore.total*100):null;
  let res='';
  if(S.randomChecked){const c=qs.filter((q,i)=>normRandom(S.randomAnswers[i],q.pronoun)===q.answer.toLowerCase()).length;res=`<div class="score-bar"><span>This round: <span class="score-num ${c>=8?'good':c>=5?'ok':'poor'}">${c}/${qs.length}</span></span>${pct!==null?`<span>Overall: <span class="score-num ${pct>=80?'good':pct>=50?'ok':'poor'}">${pct}%</span></span>`:''}</div>`;}
  else if(pct!==null)res=`<div class="score-bar no-print"><span>Overall accuracy: <span class="score-num ${pct>=80?'good':pct>=50?'ok':'poor'}">${pct}%</span></span></div>`;
  return`${res}<div class="info-box">10 random questions — any verb, any tense, any pronoun. Press <strong>Enter</strong> to move between fields.</div>${qs.map((q,i)=>{const a=S.randomAnswers[i]||'',ok=S.randomChecked&&normRandom(a,q.pronoun)===q.answer.toLowerCase(),bad=S.randomChecked&&!ok;return`<div class="random-item"><div class="random-prompt"><span class="random-number">${i+1}</span><strong>${q.verb.infinitive}</strong> (${q.verb.meaning})<span class="tense-tag">${ES_TENSE_LABELS[q.tense]}</span></div><div class="drill-item" style="margin-top:8px"><span class="drill-pronoun">${q.pronoun}</span><div style="flex:1"><input class="drill-input ${S.randomChecked?(ok?'correct':'incorrect'):''}" data-ridx="${i}" value="${a}" ${S.randomChecked?'disabled':''} placeholder="conjugated form..." autocomplete="off" spellcheck="false">${bad?`<div class="drill-answer">→ ${q.answer}</div>`:''}</div></div></div>`;}).join('')}<div class="btn-group no-print">${!S.randomChecked?`<button class="btn btn-primary" id="checkRandomBtn">Check All</button><button class="btn btn-secondary" id="regenBtn">New Questions</button>`:`<button class="btn btn-primary" id="nextRandomBtn">New Round →</button>`}</div>`;
}

function bindRandomES(){
  document.querySelectorAll('.drill-input[data-ridx]').forEach(inp=>{
    inp.addEventListener('input',()=>{S.randomAnswers[parseInt(inp.dataset.ridx)]=inp.value;});
    inp.addEventListener('keydown',e=>{if(e.key==='Enter'){const i=parseInt(inp.dataset.ridx);if(i<S.randomQuestions.length-1)document.querySelector(`.drill-input[data-ridx="${i+1}"]`)?.focus();else checkRandomES();}});
  });
  document.getElementById('checkRandomBtn')?.addEventListener('click',checkRandomES);
  document.getElementById('regenBtn')?.addEventListener('click',()=>{genRandomES();renderConjES();});
  document.getElementById('nextRandomBtn')?.addEventListener('click',()=>{genRandomES();renderConjES();});
  if(!S.randomChecked)document.querySelector('.drill-input[data-ridx="0"]')?.focus();
}

function renderConjES(){
  const m=document.getElementById("main-content"),mode=S.conjMode;
  if(!S.conjVerb||!S.conjVerb.presente){newVerbES();}
  const content=mode==="byTense"?renderByTenseES():renderRandomES();
  m.innerHTML=`<div class="card"><h2 class="card-header">Verb Conjugation Drill</h2><div class="mode-toggle no-print"><button class="mode-btn ${mode==='byTense'?'active':''}" data-mode="byTense">By Tense</button><button class="mode-btn ${mode==='random'?'active':''}" data-mode="random">Random Mix</button></div>${content}</div><div class="db-stats no-print">${ES_VERBS.length} verbs loaded · ${ES_ALL_TENSES.length} tenses</div>`;
  document.querySelectorAll('.mode-btn').forEach(b=>b.addEventListener('click',()=>{S.conjMode=b.dataset.mode;renderConjES();}));
  if(mode==="byTense")bindByTenseES();else bindRandomES();
}

// ─── VOCABULARY ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────
function buildVocabQuiz(){
  const pool=S.vocabTopic==="All"?VOCAB:VOCAB.filter(v=>v.topic===S.vocabTopic);
  const qs=[];
  shuffle(pool).forEach(word=>{
    const dir=S.vocabDirection==="mixed"?(Math.random()<0.5?"de-en":"en-de"):S.vocabDirection;
    if(dir==="de-en"){
      const ans=word.english.split(/\s*\/\s*/).map(s=>s.trim().toLowerCase()).filter(Boolean);
      qs.push({type:"de-en",word,prompt:word.german,promptLabel:"Translate to English",answer:ans});
    }else{
      qs.push({type:"en-de",word,prompt:word.english,promptLabel:"Translate to German (with article)",answer:word.german.trim().toLowerCase()});
    }
    if(S.vocabIncludePlurals&&word.plural&&Math.random()<0.35){
      qs.push({type:"plural",word,prompt:word.german,promptLabel:"What is the plural of:",answer:word.plural.trim().toLowerCase()});
    }
  });
  S.vocabQuiz=qs;S.vocabQIdx=0;S.vocabTyped="";S.vocabChecked=false;S.vocabLastCorrect=false;S.vocabScore={correct:0,total:0};
}

function checkVocabAnswer(){
  if(S.vocabChecked)return;
  const q=S.vocabQuiz[S.vocabQIdx],typed=S.vocabTyped.trim().toLowerCase();
  S.vocabLastCorrect=Array.isArray(q.answer)?q.answer.some(a=>typed===a):typed===q.answer;
  S.vocabChecked=true;S.vocabScore.total++;
  if(S.vocabLastCorrect)S.vocabScore.correct++;
  renderVocab();
}

function renderVocab(){
  if(!S.vocabQuiz.length)buildVocabQuiz();
  const m=document.getElementById("main-content");
  const gLabel={m:"der (m)",f:"die (f)",n:"das (n)"};
  const topicBar=`<div class="filter-bar no-print"><button class="filter-chip ${S.vocabTopic==="All"?"active":""}" data-topic="All">All</button>${TOPICS.map(t=>`<button class="filter-chip ${S.vocabTopic===t?"active":""}" data-topic="${t}">${t}</button>`).join("")}</div>`;
  const optBar=`<div class="filter-bar no-print"><button class="filter-chip ${S.vocabDirection==="de-en"?"active":""}" data-dir="de-en">DE \u2192 EN</button><button class="filter-chip ${S.vocabDirection==="en-de"?"active":""}" data-dir="en-de">EN \u2192 DE</button><button class="filter-chip ${S.vocabDirection==="mixed"?"active":""}" data-dir="mixed">Mixed</button><button class="filter-chip ${S.vocabIncludePlurals?"active":""}" id="pluralToggle">+ Plurals</button></div>`;

  function bindFilters(){
    document.querySelectorAll("[data-topic]").forEach(b=>b.addEventListener("click",()=>{S.vocabTopic=b.dataset.topic;buildVocabQuiz();renderVocab();}));
    document.querySelectorAll("[data-dir]").forEach(b=>b.addEventListener("click",()=>{S.vocabDirection=b.dataset.dir;buildVocabQuiz();renderVocab();}));
    document.getElementById("pluralToggle").addEventListener("click",()=>{S.vocabIncludePlurals=!S.vocabIncludePlurals;buildVocabQuiz();renderVocab();});
  }

  if(S.vocabQIdx>=S.vocabQuiz.length){
    const p=S.vocabScore.total>0?Math.round(S.vocabScore.correct/S.vocabScore.total*100):100;
    m.innerHTML=`<div class="card">${topicBar}${optBar}<div style="text-align:center;padding:40px 20px"><div style="font-size:3rem;margin-bottom:12px">${p>=80?"\uD83C\uDF89":p>=50?"\uD83D\uDC4D":"\uD83D\uDCDA"}</div><div style="font-family:'DM Serif Display',serif;font-size:1.6rem;margin-bottom:12px">Round complete!</div><p style="font-size:1.1rem;margin-bottom:8px">Score: <span class="score-num ${p>=80?"good":p>=50?"ok":"poor"}">${S.vocabScore.correct}/${S.vocabScore.total}</span> (${p}%)</p><div class="btn-group" style="justify-content:center;margin-top:24px"><button class="btn btn-primary" id="vocabRestart">Go Again</button></div></div></div><div class="db-stats no-print">${VOCAB.length} words \u00b7 ${TOPICS.length} topics</div>`;
    bindFilters();document.getElementById("vocabRestart").addEventListener("click",()=>{buildVocabQuiz();renderVocab();});return;
  }

  const q=S.vocabQuiz[S.vocabQIdx],w=q.word;
  const pct=S.vocabScore.total>0?Math.round(S.vocabScore.correct/S.vocabScore.total*100):null;
  const showGender=q.type==="de-en"||q.type==="plural";
  const gBadge=showGender?`<span class="flashcard-gender gender-${w.gender}" style="margin-top:10px">${gLabel[w.gender]}</span>`:"";
  const displayAns=Array.isArray(q.answer)?q.answer.join(" / "):q.answer;
  const placeholder=q.type==="de-en"?"Type the English translation…":q.type==="en-de"?"Type with article, e.g. die Wohnung…":"Type the plural form, e.g. die Wohnungen…";
  const scoreRow=pct!==null?`<div class="score-bar no-print"><span>Score: <span class="score-num ${pct>=80?"good":pct>=50?"ok":"poor"}">${S.vocabScore.correct}/${S.vocabScore.total}</span></span><span class="vocab-progress">Question ${S.vocabQIdx+1} of ${S.vocabQuiz.length}</span></div>`:`<div class="vocab-progress">Question ${S.vocabQIdx+1} of ${S.vocabQuiz.length}</div>`;
  const feedback=S.vocabChecked?`<div class="vocab-feedback ${S.vocabLastCorrect?"v-correct":"v-incorrect"}">${S.vocabLastCorrect?"\u2713 Correct!":"\u2717 Incorrect"}${!S.vocabLastCorrect?`<span class="vocab-correct-answer">\u2192 ${displayAns}</span>`:""}</div>`:"";

  m.innerHTML=`<div class="card"><h2 class="card-header">Vocabulary Practice</h2>${topicBar}${optBar}${scoreRow}<div class="vocab-prompt-card"><div class="vocab-prompt-label">${q.promptLabel}</div><div class="vocab-prompt-word">${q.prompt}</div>${gBadge}<div class="vocab-topic-tag">${w.topic}</div></div><div class="vocab-input-area"><input class="vocab-type-input${S.vocabChecked?(S.vocabLastCorrect?" v-correct":" v-incorrect"):""}" id="vocabInput" type="text" placeholder="${placeholder}" value="${S.vocabTyped.replace(/"/g,"&quot;")}" autocomplete="off" spellcheck="false"${S.vocabChecked?" disabled":""}>${!S.vocabChecked?`<button class="btn btn-primary" id="vocabCheckBtn">Check</button>`:`<button class="btn btn-primary" id="vocabNextBtn">Next \u2192</button>`}</div>${feedback}</div><div class="db-stats no-print">${VOCAB.length} words loaded \u00b7 ${TOPICS.length} topics</div>`;

  bindFilters();
  const inp=document.getElementById("vocabInput");
  if(inp){
    inp.addEventListener("input",e=>{S.vocabTyped=e.target.value;});
    inp.addEventListener("keydown",e=>{if(e.key==="Enter"){if(!S.vocabChecked)checkVocabAnswer();else{S.vocabTyped="";S.vocabChecked=false;S.vocabQIdx++;renderVocab();}}});
    if(!S.vocabChecked)inp.focus();
  }
  document.getElementById("vocabCheckBtn")?.addEventListener("click",checkVocabAnswer);
  document.getElementById("vocabNextBtn")?.addEventListener("click",()=>{S.vocabTyped="";S.vocabChecked=false;S.vocabQIdx++;renderVocab();});
}

// ─── VOCABULARY: SPANISH ─────────────────────────────────────────────
function buildVocabQuizES(){
  const pool=S.vocabTopic==="All"?ES_VOCAB:ES_VOCAB.filter(v=>v.topic===S.vocabTopic);
  const qs=[];
  shuffle(pool).forEach(word=>{
    const dir=S.vocabDirection==="mixed"?(Math.random()<0.5?"es-en":"en-es"):S.vocabDirection.replace("de-en","es-en").replace("en-de","en-es");
    if(dir==="es-en"){
      const ans=word.english.split(/\s*\/\s*/).map(s=>s.trim().toLowerCase()).filter(Boolean);
      qs.push({type:"es-en",word,prompt:word.spanish,promptLabel:"Translate to English",answer:ans});
    }else{
      qs.push({type:"en-es",word,prompt:word.english,promptLabel:"Translate to Spanish (with article)",answer:word.spanish.trim().toLowerCase()});
    }
  });
  S.vocabQuiz=qs;S.vocabQIdx=0;S.vocabTyped="";S.vocabChecked=false;S.vocabLastCorrect=false;S.vocabScore={correct:0,total:0};
}

function checkVocabAnswerES(){
  if(S.vocabChecked)return;
  const q=S.vocabQuiz[S.vocabQIdx],typed=S.vocabTyped.trim().toLowerCase();
  S.vocabLastCorrect=Array.isArray(q.answer)?q.answer.some(a=>typed===a):typed===q.answer;
  S.vocabChecked=true;S.vocabScore.total++;
  if(S.vocabLastCorrect)S.vocabScore.correct++;
  renderVocabES();
}

function renderVocabES(){
  if(!S.vocabQuiz.length)buildVocabQuizES();
  const m=document.getElementById("main-content");
  const gLabel={m:"el (m)",f:"la (f)"};
  const topicBar=`<div class="filter-bar no-print"><button class="filter-chip ${S.vocabTopic==="All"?"active":""}" data-topic="All">All</button>${ES_TOPICS.map(t=>`<button class="filter-chip ${S.vocabTopic===t?"active":""}" data-topic="${t}">${t}</button>`).join("")}</div>`;
  const optBar=`<div class="filter-bar no-print"><button class="filter-chip ${S.vocabDirection==="de-en"||S.vocabDirection==="es-en"?"active":""}" data-dir="es-en">ES → EN</button><button class="filter-chip ${S.vocabDirection==="en-de"||S.vocabDirection==="en-es"?"active":""}" data-dir="en-es">EN → ES</button><button class="filter-chip ${S.vocabDirection==="mixed"?"active":""}" data-dir="mixed">Mixed</button></div>`;

  function bindFiltersES(){
    document.querySelectorAll("[data-topic]").forEach(b=>b.addEventListener("click",()=>{S.vocabTopic=b.dataset.topic;buildVocabQuizES();renderVocabES();}));
    document.querySelectorAll("[data-dir]").forEach(b=>b.addEventListener("click",()=>{S.vocabDirection=b.dataset.dir;buildVocabQuizES();renderVocabES();}));
  }

  if(S.vocabQIdx>=S.vocabQuiz.length){
    const p=S.vocabScore.total>0?Math.round(S.vocabScore.correct/S.vocabScore.total*100):100;
    m.innerHTML=`<div class="card">${topicBar}${optBar}<div style="text-align:center;padding:40px 20px"><div style="font-size:3rem;margin-bottom:12px">${p>=80?"🎉":p>=50?"👍":"📚"}</div><div style="font-family:'DM Serif Display',serif;font-size:1.6rem;margin-bottom:12px">Round complete!</div><p style="font-size:1.1rem;margin-bottom:8px">Score: <span class="score-num ${p>=80?"good":p>=50?"ok":"poor"}">${S.vocabScore.correct}/${S.vocabScore.total}</span> (${p}%)</p><div class="btn-group" style="justify-content:center;margin-top:24px"><button class="btn btn-primary" id="vocabRestart">Go Again</button></div></div></div><div class="db-stats no-print">${ES_VOCAB.length} words · ${ES_TOPICS.length} topics</div>`;
    bindFiltersES();document.getElementById("vocabRestart").addEventListener("click",()=>{buildVocabQuizES();renderVocabES();});return;
  }

  const q=S.vocabQuiz[S.vocabQIdx],w=q.word;
  const pct=S.vocabScore.total>0?Math.round(S.vocabScore.correct/S.vocabScore.total*100):null;
  const showGender=q.type==="es-en";
  const gBadge=showGender&&gLabel[w.gender]?`<span class="flashcard-gender gender-${w.gender}" style="margin-top:10px">${gLabel[w.gender]}</span>`:"";
  const displayAns=Array.isArray(q.answer)?q.answer.join(" / "):q.answer;
  const placeholder=q.type==="es-en"?"Type the English translation…":"Type with article, e.g. la casa…";
  const scoreRow=pct!==null?`<div class="score-bar no-print"><span>Score: <span class="score-num ${pct>=80?"good":pct>=50?"ok":"poor"}">${S.vocabScore.correct}/${S.vocabScore.total}</span></span><span class="vocab-progress">Question ${S.vocabQIdx+1} of ${S.vocabQuiz.length}</span></div>`:`<div class="vocab-progress">Question ${S.vocabQIdx+1} of ${S.vocabQuiz.length}</div>`;
  const feedback=S.vocabChecked?`<div class="vocab-feedback ${S.vocabLastCorrect?"v-correct":"v-incorrect"}">${S.vocabLastCorrect?"✓ Correct!":"✗ Incorrect"}${!S.vocabLastCorrect?`<span class="vocab-correct-answer">→ ${displayAns}</span>`:""}</div>`:"";

  m.innerHTML=`<div class="card"><h2 class="card-header">Vocabulary Practice</h2>${topicBar}${optBar}${scoreRow}<div class="vocab-prompt-card"><div class="vocab-prompt-label">${q.promptLabel}</div><div class="vocab-prompt-word">${q.prompt}</div>${gBadge}<div class="vocab-topic-tag">${w.topic}</div></div><div class="vocab-input-area"><input class="vocab-type-input${S.vocabChecked?(S.vocabLastCorrect?" v-correct":" v-incorrect"):""}" id="vocabInput" type="text" placeholder="${placeholder}" value="${S.vocabTyped.replace(/"/g,"&quot;")}" autocomplete="off" spellcheck="false"${S.vocabChecked?" disabled":""}>${!S.vocabChecked?`<button class="btn btn-primary" id="vocabCheckBtn">Check</button>`:`<button class="btn btn-primary" id="vocabNextBtn">Next →</button>`}</div>${feedback}</div><div class="db-stats no-print">${ES_VOCAB.length} words loaded · ${ES_TOPICS.length} topics</div>`;

  bindFiltersES();
  const inp=document.getElementById("vocabInput");
  if(inp){
    inp.addEventListener("input",e=>{S.vocabTyped=e.target.value;});
    inp.addEventListener("keydown",e=>{if(e.key==="Enter"){if(!S.vocabChecked)checkVocabAnswerES();else{S.vocabTyped="";S.vocabChecked=false;S.vocabQIdx++;renderVocabES();}}});
    if(!S.vocabChecked)inp.focus();
  }
  document.getElementById("vocabCheckBtn")?.addEventListener("click",checkVocabAnswerES);
  document.getElementById("vocabNextBtn")?.addEventListener("click",()=>{S.vocabTyped="";S.vocabChecked=false;S.vocabQIdx++;renderVocabES();});
}

// ─── WORKSHEET ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────
function genWS(){
  const ws={sections:[],answers:[]};S.wsShowAnswers=false;
  if(S.wsType==="conjugation"||S.wsType==="mixed"){
    const verbs=pick(VERBS,3),sec={title:"Section A — Verb Conjugation",questions:[]};let q=1;
    verbs.forEach(v=>{const t=randItem(ALL_TENSES),ps=pick(PRONOUNS,3);ps.forEach(p=>{sec.questions.push({num:q,text:`Conjugate "${v.infinitive}" (${v.meaning}) in the ${TENSE_LABELS[t]} for <strong>${p}</strong>:`});ws.answers.push({num:q,answer:`${p} ${v[t][p]}`});q++;});});
    ws.sections.push(sec);
  }
  if(S.wsType==="vocab"||S.wsType==="mixed"){
    const words=pick(VOCAB,8),lB=S.wsType==="mixed"?"Section B":"Section A",lC=S.wsType==="mixed"?"Section C":"Section B";
    const sB=ws.answers.length+1,secB={title:`${lB} — Vocabulary (German → English)`,questions:[]};
    words.slice(0,4).forEach((w,i)=>{secB.questions.push({num:sB+i,text:`${w.german} = `});ws.answers.push({num:sB+i,answer:w.english});});
    ws.sections.push(secB);
    const sC=ws.answers.length+1,secC={title:`${lC} — Vocabulary (English → German)`,questions:[]};
    words.slice(4).forEach((w,i)=>{secC.questions.push({num:sC+i,text:`${w.english} = `});ws.answers.push({num:sC+i,answer:w.german});});
    ws.sections.push(secC);
  }
  S.wsData=ws;
}

function renderWS(){
  if(!S.wsData)genWS();const ws=S.wsData,m=document.getElementById("main-content");
  m.innerHTML=`<div class="card"><h2 class="card-header">Randomised Worksheets</h2><div class="filter-bar no-print"><button class="filter-chip ${S.wsType==='mixed'?'active':''}" data-wstype="mixed">Mixed</button><button class="filter-chip ${S.wsType==='conjugation'?'active':''}" data-wstype="conjugation">Conjugation only</button><button class="filter-chip ${S.wsType==='vocab'?'active':''}" data-wstype="vocab">Vocab only</button></div><div class="worksheet-preview"><div class="ws-title">German Practice Worksheet</div><div class="ws-subtitle">A-Level / Adult Beginners</div><div class="ws-name-line"><span class="ws-name-field">Name: _________________________</span><span class="ws-name-field">Date: ______________</span></div>${ws.sections.map(s=>`<div class="ws-section"><div class="ws-section-title">${s.title}</div>${s.questions.map(q=>`<div class="ws-question"><span class="ws-q-num">${q.num}.</span><span>${q.text}<span class="ws-blank"></span></span></div>`).join('')}</div>`).join('')}${S.wsShowAnswers?`<div class="ws-answer-key"><strong>Answer Key</strong>${ws.answers.map(a=>`<div>${a.num}. ${a.answer}</div>`).join('')}</div>`:''}</div><div class="btn-group no-print"><button class="btn btn-primary" id="wsGenerate">Generate New \u21BB</button><button class="btn btn-secondary" id="wsToggleAnswers">${S.wsShowAnswers?'Hide Answers':'Show Answers'}</button><button class="btn btn-secondary" id="wsPrint">Print Worksheet \uD83D\uDDA8</button></div></div>`;
  document.querySelectorAll('[data-wstype]').forEach(b=>b.addEventListener('click',()=>{S.wsType=b.dataset.wstype;genWS();renderWS();}));
  document.getElementById('wsGenerate').addEventListener('click',()=>{genWS();renderWS();});
  document.getElementById('wsToggleAnswers').addEventListener('click',()=>{S.wsShowAnswers=!S.wsShowAnswers;renderWS();});
  document.getElementById('wsPrint').addEventListener('click',()=>window.print());
}

// ─── WORKSHEET: SPANISH ──────────────────────────────────────────────
function genWSES(){
  const ws={sections:[],answers:[]};S.wsShowAnswers=false;
  if(S.wsType==="conjugation"||S.wsType==="mixed"){
    const verbs=pick(ES_VERBS,3),sec={title:"Sección A — Conjugación Verbal",questions:[]};let q=1;
    verbs.forEach(v=>{const t=randItem(ES_ALL_TENSES),ps=pick(ES_PRONOUNS,3);ps.forEach(p=>{if(v[t]&&v[t][p]){sec.questions.push({num:q,text:`Conjuga "${v.infinitive}" (${v.meaning}) en el ${ES_TENSE_LABELS[t]} para <strong>${p}</strong>:`});ws.answers.push({num:q,answer:`${p} ${v[t][p]}`});q++;}});});
    ws.sections.push(sec);
  }
  if(S.wsType==="vocab"||S.wsType==="mixed"){
    const words=pick(ES_VOCAB,8),lB=S.wsType==="mixed"?"Sección B":"Sección A",lC=S.wsType==="mixed"?"Sección C":"Sección B";
    const sB=ws.answers.length+1,secB={title:`${lB} — Vocabulario (Español → Inglés)`,questions:[]};
    words.slice(0,4).forEach((w,i)=>{secB.questions.push({num:sB+i,text:`${w.spanish} = `});ws.answers.push({num:sB+i,answer:w.english});});
    ws.sections.push(secB);
    const sC=ws.answers.length+1,secC={title:`${lC} — Vocabulario (Inglés → Español)`,questions:[]};
    words.slice(4).forEach((w,i)=>{secC.questions.push({num:sC+i,text:`${w.english} = `});ws.answers.push({num:sC+i,answer:w.spanish});});
    ws.sections.push(secC);
  }
  S.wsData=ws;
}

function renderWSES(){
  if(!S.wsData)genWSES();const ws=S.wsData,m=document.getElementById("main-content");
  m.innerHTML=`<div class="card"><h2 class="card-header">Randomised Worksheets</h2><div class="filter-bar no-print"><button class="filter-chip ${S.wsType==='mixed'?'active':''}" data-wstype="mixed">Mixed</button><button class="filter-chip ${S.wsType==='conjugation'?'active':''}" data-wstype="conjugation">Conjugation only</button><button class="filter-chip ${S.wsType==='vocab'?'active':''}" data-wstype="vocab">Vocab only</button></div><div class="worksheet-preview"><div class="ws-title">Spanish Practice Worksheet</div><div class="ws-subtitle">A-Level / Adult Beginners</div><div class="ws-name-line"><span class="ws-name-field">Name: _________________________</span><span class="ws-name-field">Date: ______________</span></div>${ws.sections.map(s=>`<div class="ws-section"><div class="ws-section-title">${s.title}</div>${s.questions.map(q=>`<div class="ws-question"><span class="ws-q-num">${q.num}.</span><span>${q.text}<span class="ws-blank"></span></span></div>`).join('')}</div>`).join('')}${S.wsShowAnswers?`<div class="ws-answer-key"><strong>Answer Key</strong>${ws.answers.map(a=>`<div>${a.num}. ${a.answer}</div>`).join('')}</div>`:''}</div><div class="btn-group no-print"><button class="btn btn-primary" id="wsGenerate">Generate New ↻</button><button class="btn btn-secondary" id="wsToggleAnswers">${S.wsShowAnswers?'Hide Answers':'Show Answers'}</button><button class="btn btn-secondary" id="wsPrint">Print Worksheet 🖨</button></div></div>`;
  document.querySelectorAll('[data-wstype]').forEach(b=>b.addEventListener('click',()=>{S.wsType=b.dataset.wstype;genWSES();renderWSES();}));
  document.getElementById('wsGenerate').addEventListener('click',()=>{genWSES();renderWSES();});
  document.getElementById('wsToggleAnswers').addEventListener('click',()=>{S.wsShowAnswers=!S.wsShowAnswers;renderWSES();});
  document.getElementById('wsPrint').addEventListener('click',()=>window.print());
}

// ─── CHEATSHEET: SPANISH ─────────────────────────────────────────────
function renderCheatsheetES(){
  const m=document.getElementById("main-content");
  const tc=(flagCls,de,en,formHtml,exDe,exEn,useHtml,tagsHtml,noteHtml)=>`<div class="tense-card"><div class="tense-card-header"><div class="tense-flag ${flagCls}"></div><div><div class="tense-de">${de}</div><div class="tense-en">${en}</div></div></div><div class="tense-body"><div class="tense-col"><div class="col-title">Formation</div><div class="cs-formula">${formHtml}</div><div class="col-title">Example</div><div class="cs-example-de">${exDe}</div><div class="cs-example-en">${exEn}</div></div><div class="tense-col"><div class="col-title">When to use</div>${useHtml}<div class="usage-tags">${tagsHtml}</div></div></div>${noteHtml?`<div class="passive-bar"><div class="passive-bar-label">Note</div><div class="passive-formula">${noteHtml}</div></div>`:''}</div>`;
  const tag=(cls,label)=>`<span class="utag ${cls}">${label}</span>`;
  const spoken=tag('utag-spoken','spoken'),written=tag('utag-written','written'),formal=tag('utag-formal','formal'),common=tag('utag-common','very common'),subj=tag('utag-modal','subjunctive');
  const kw=s=>`<span class="kw">${s}</span>`,ex=s=>`<span class="ex">${s}</span>`;

  const tenseCards=[
    tc('flag-present','Presente','Present indicative',`-AR: <span class="kw">-o/-as/-a/-amos/-áis/-an</span><br>-ER: ${kw('-o/-es/-e/-emos/-éis/-en')}<br>-IR: ${kw('-o/-es/-e/-imos/-ís/-en')}<br>${ex('hablar → habl<b>o</b>, habl<b>as</b>, habl<b>a</b>…')}`,`Hablo español todos los días.`,`I speak Spanish every day.`,`Current/habitual actions, general truths, and near-future plans.`,spoken+written+common, ''),
    tc('flag-prät','Indefinido','Simple past / preterite',`-AR: ${kw('-é/-aste/-ó/-amos/-asteis/-aron')}<br>-ER/-IR: ${kw('-í/-iste/-ió/-imos/-isteis/-ieron')}<br>${ex('fui, vine, hice, puse, dije…')} (many irregulars)`,`Ayer fui al mercado.`,`Yesterday I went to the market.`,`Completed actions with a defined endpoint. Often with <em>ayer, el lunes, en 2020</em>.`,spoken+written+common, `Contrast with Imperfecto: Indefinido = <span class="kw">completed</span>, Imperfecto = <span class="kw">ongoing/background</span>.`),
    tc('flag-perfekt','Imperfecto','Imperfect',`-AR: ${kw('-aba/-abas/-aba/-ábamos/-abais/-aban')}<br>-ER/-IR: ${kw('-ía/-ías/-ía/-íamos/-íais/-ían')}<br>${ex('Only 3 irregulars: ser, ir, ver')}`,`Cuando era niño, vivía en Madrid.`,`When I was a child, I lived in Madrid.`,`Background description, habitual past actions, ongoing states. Often with <em>siempre, todos los días, de niño</em>.`,spoken+written+common, ''),
    tc('flag-futII','Pretérito Perfecto','Present perfect',`${kw('haber')} (presente) + participio (-ado/-ido)<br>${ex('he, has, ha, hemos, habéis, han')}<br>${ex('hablado, comido, vivido — visto, hecho, dicho…')}`,`Esta semana he estudiado mucho.`,`This week I have studied a lot.`,`Recently completed actions, especially in Spain. Use with <em>hoy, esta semana, ya, todavía</em>.`,spoken+written, `Note: In Latin America, Indefinido is preferred over Perfecto for recent past too.`),
    tc('flag-plusq','Pluscuamperfecto','Past perfect / pluperfect',`${kw('haber')} (imperfecto) + participio<br>${ex('había, habías, había, habíamos, habíais, habían')}`,`Ya había comido cuando llegué.`,`I had already eaten when I arrived.`,`A past action completed before another past action. Often with <em>ya, todavía no, cuando</em>.`,spoken+written, ''),
    tc('flag-futI','Futuro Simple','Simple future',`Infinitive + ${kw('-é/-ás/-á/-emos/-éis/-án')}<br>${ex('hablar → hablaré, hablarás…')}<br>${ex('Irregulars: tendr-, vendr-, podr-, querr-, dir-, har-…')}`,`Mañana hablaré con el director.`,`Tomorrow I will speak with the director.`,`Future plans, predictions, and probability about the present (<em>Estará en casa</em> = He's probably at home).`,spoken+written, ''),
    tc('flag-kII','Condicional','Conditional',`Infinitive + ${kw('-ía/-ías/-ía/-íamos/-íais/-ían')}<br>${ex('hablar → hablaría, hablarías…')}<br>${ex('Same irregular stems as Futuro')}`,`Si tuviera dinero, viajaría por el mundo.`,`If I had money, I would travel the world.`,`Hypotheticals, polite requests (<em>¿Podría ayudarme?</em>), and reported future (<em>Dijo que vendría</em>).`,spoken+written+formal, ''),
    tc('flag-kI','Subjuntivo Presente','Present subjunctive',`Take yo-form of Presente, drop -o, add opposite endings:<br>-AR → ${kw('-e/-es/-e/-emos/-éis/-en')}<br>-ER/-IR → ${kw('-a/-as/-a/-amos/-áis/-an')}<br>${ex('hablar: hable, hables, hable…')}`,`Quiero que hables más despacio.`,`I want you to speak more slowly.`,`Doubt, emotion, influence, wishes, hypotheticals, and set phrases like <em>ojalá, es importante que, para que</em>.`,written+subj+formal, `Key trigger words: <span class="kw">querer que, esperar que, es necesario que, aunque, para que, cuando</span> (future sense)`)
  ].join('');

  const hfVerb=(inf,en,rows,noteHtml)=>`<div class="modal-card"><div class="modal-card-header"><div class="modal-infinitive">${inf}</div><div class="modal-meaning">${en}</div></div><table class="modal-conj-table">${rows.map(r=>`<tr><td>${r[0]}</td><td>${r[1]}</td></tr>`).join('')}</table><div class="modal-use-row"><strong>Use:</strong> ${noteHtml}</div></div>`;

  const hfCards=[
    hfVerb('ser','to be (permanent)',[['yo','soy'],['tú','eres'],['él/ella','es'],['nosotros','somos'],['vosotros','sois'],['ellos/ellas','son']],`Identity, origin, material, time, passive voice. <em>Soy inglés. Es de Madrid.</em>`),
    hfVerb('estar','to be (temporary)',[['yo','estoy'],['tú','estás'],['él/ella','está'],['nosotros','estamos'],['vosotros','estáis'],['ellos/ellas','están']],`State, location, emotion, progressive. <em>Estoy cansado. Está en casa.</em>`),
    hfVerb('tener','to have',[['yo','tengo'],['tú','tienes'],['él/ella','tiene'],['nosotros','tenemos'],['vosotros','tenéis'],['ellos/ellas','tienen']],`Possession and idioms: <em>tener que</em> + inf. = have to; <em>tener … años</em> = to be … years old`),
    hfVerb('poder','can / to be able to',[['yo','puedo'],['tú','puedes'],['él/ella','puede'],['nosotros','podemos'],['vosotros','podéis'],['ellos/ellas','pueden']],`Ability or possibility. <em>¿Puedes ayudarme?</em> (Can you help me?)`),
    hfVerb('querer','to want',[['yo','quiero'],['tú','quieres'],['él/ella','quiere'],['nosotros','queremos'],['vosotros','queréis'],['ellos/ellas','quieren']],`Desire. Also <em>querer que</em> + subjunctive: <em>Quiero que estudies.</em>`),
    hfVerb('deber','must / ought to',[['yo','debo'],['tú','debes'],['él/ella','debe'],['nosotros','debemos'],['vosotros','debéis'],['ellos/ellas','deben']],`Obligation. <em>Debes estudiar más.</em> Also <em>deber de</em> = probability`),
    hfVerb('ir','to go',[['yo','voy'],['tú','vas'],['él/ella','va'],['nosotros','vamos'],['vosotros','vais'],['ellos/ellas','van']],`Movement + <strong>ir a</strong> + infinitive for near future: <em>Voy a estudiar.</em>`)
  ].join('');

  m.innerHTML=`<div class="card"><h2 class="card-header">Tenses Cheatsheet</h2><div class="cs-section-label">Spanish Tenses</div><p class="cs-section-sub">A reference guide to all eight tenses — formation, examples, and when to use them.</p>${tenseCards}<div class="cs-divider">Quick Reference</div><table class="cs-ref-table"><thead><tr><th>Tense</th><th>Key formation</th><th>Key use</th><th>Signal words</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Presente</td><td class="mono">habl<b>o</b></td><td>habitual / now</td><td>ahora, siempre, todos los días</td></tr><tr><td>Indefinido</td><td class="mono">habl<b>é</b></td><td>completed past</td><td>ayer, el lunes, en 2020</td></tr><tr><td>Imperfecto</td><td class="mono">habl<b>aba</b></td><td>background / ongoing past</td><td>siempre, de niño, mientras</td></tr><tr><td>Pret. Perfecto</td><td class="mono"><b>he</b> hablado</td><td>recent past (Spain)</td><td>hoy, esta semana, ya</td></tr><tr><td>Pluscuamperfecto</td><td class="mono"><b>había</b> hablado</td><td>past-before-past</td><td>ya, todavía no, cuando</td></tr><tr><td>Futuro Simple</td><td class="mono">hablar<b>é</b></td><td>future / probability</td><td>mañana, pronto, el año que viene</td></tr><tr><td>Condicional</td><td class="mono">hablar<b>ía</b></td><td>conditional / polite</td><td>si…, me gustaría, ¿podría…?</td></tr><tr><td>Subj. Presente</td><td class="mono">habl<b>e</b></td><td>doubt / emotion / influence</td><td>quiero que, es importante que, ojalá</td></tr></tbody></table><div class="cs-note">💡 <strong>Indefinido vs. Imperfecto:</strong> Use Indefinido for a completed event (<em>Fui al cine</em>) and Imperfecto for background or repeated past (<em>Iba al cine cada semana</em>). They often appear together: <em>Leía cuando sonó el teléfono.</em></div><div class="cs-divider" style="margin-top:40px">Key Verbs &amp; Structures</div><p class="cs-section-sub" style="margin-top:-8px">High-frequency verbs including the essential <em>ser</em> vs <em>estar</em> distinction.</p><div class="modal-grid">${hfCards}</div><div class="cs-note" style="margin-top:18px">💡 <strong>Ser vs. estar:</strong> Both mean "to be". <em>Ser</em> = permanent/inherent identity (nationality, profession, material). <em>Estar</em> = temporary state, location, emotion, progressive tense. <em>Es médico</em> (He is a doctor) vs. <em>Está enfermo</em> (He is ill/feeling sick).</div><div class="cs-note" style="margin-top:10px">💡 <strong>Por vs. para:</strong> <em>Por</em> = cause/exchange/duration/agent (<em>gracias por, por dos horas</em>). <em>Para</em> = purpose/destination/deadline (<em>para mañana, para ir a…</em>).</div></div>`;
}

// ─── CHEATSHEET ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────
function renderCheatsheet(){
  const m=document.getElementById("main-content");
  const tc=(flagCls,de,en,formHtml,exDe,exEn,useHtml,tagsHtml,passiveHtml)=>`
<div class="tense-card">
  <div class="tense-card-header"><div class="tense-flag ${flagCls}"></div><div><div class="tense-de">${de}</div><div class="tense-en">${en}</div></div></div>
  <div class="tense-body">
    <div class="tense-col"><div class="col-title">Formation</div><div class="cs-formula">${formHtml}</div><div class="col-title">Example</div><div class="cs-example-de">${exDe}</div><div class="cs-example-en">${exEn}</div></div>
    <div class="tense-col"><div class="col-title">When to use</div>${useHtml}<div class="usage-tags">${tagsHtml}</div></div>
  </div>
  <div class="passive-bar"><div class="passive-bar-label">Passiv</div><div class="passive-formula">${passiveHtml}</div></div>
</div>`;
  const tag=(cls,label)=>`<span class="utag ${cls}">${label}</span>`;
  const spoken=tag('utag-spoken','spoken'), written=tag('utag-written','written'), formal=tag('utag-formal','formal/literary'), common=tag('utag-common','very common'), modalTag=tag('utag-modal','modals always');
  const kw=s=>`<span class="kw">${s}</span>`, ex=s=>`<span class="ex">${s}</span>`;

  const tenseCards=[
    tc('flag-present','Präsens','Present tense',
      `verb stem + ${kw('-e / -st / -t / -en / -t / -en')}<br>${ex('lernen → lern<b>e</b>, lern<b>st</b>, lern<b>t</b>…')}`,
      'Ich lerne jeden Tag Deutsch.','I learn German every day.',
      'Current actions, habitual facts, scheduled future events, and general truths.',
      spoken+written+common,
      `${kw('werden')} (Präsens) + Partizip II &nbsp;→&nbsp; Das Buch ${kw('wird')} gelesen.`),
    tc('flag-prät','Präteritum','Simple past / narrative past',
      `<em>Regular:</em> stem + ${kw('-te / -test / -te / -ten / -tet / -ten')}<br><em>Irregular:</em> strong verb stem change<br>${ex('gehen → <b>ging</b>, kommen → <b>kam</b>')}`,
      'Er arbeitete bis spät in die Nacht.','He worked until late into the night.',
      'Narrative and written past (novels, news). Modals and <em>sein/haben</em> always prefer Präteritum over Perfekt in speech too.',
      written+formal+modalTag,
      `${kw('wurde(n)')} + Partizip II &nbsp;→&nbsp; Das Buch ${kw('wurde')} geschrieben.`),
    tc('flag-perfekt','Perfekt','Present perfect / conversational past',
      `${kw('haben')} / ${kw('sein')} (Präsens) + Partizip II<br>${ex('ge- + stem + -(e)t &nbsp;or&nbsp; irregular ge-…-en')}<br>Motion/change verbs take ${kw('sein')}`,
      'Wir haben das Buch gelesen.','We have read / we read the book.',
      'The default spoken past tense in everyday conversation. Use for completed actions in the past.',
      spoken+common,
      `${kw('sein')} (Präsens) + Partizip II + ${kw('worden')} &nbsp;→&nbsp; Es ${kw('ist')} gemacht ${kw('worden')}.`),
    tc('flag-plusq','Plusquamperfekt','Past perfect / pluperfect',
      `${kw('hatte(n)')} / ${kw('war(en)')} + Partizip II<br>${ex('hatten gegessen, waren gegangen')}`,
      'Sie hatte schon gegessen, als er ankam.','She had already eaten when he arrived.',
      'A past action that happened <em>before</em> another past action. Often paired with Präteritum to show sequence.',
      spoken+written,
      `${kw('war(en)')} + Partizip II + ${kw('worden')} &nbsp;→&nbsp; Es ${kw('war')} bereits gemacht ${kw('worden')}.`),
    tc('flag-futI','Futur I','Future tense',
      `${kw('werden')} (Präsens) + Infinitiv<br>${ex('ich werde, du wirst, er wird…')}`,
      'Ich werde morgen kommen.','I will come tomorrow.',
      'Future predictions, intentions, or promises. Also expresses <em>probability</em> about the present (<em>Er wird müde sein</em> — He\'s probably tired).',
      spoken+written,
      `${kw('werden')} (Präsens) + Partizip II + ${kw('werden')} &nbsp;→&nbsp; Es ${kw('wird')} gemacht ${kw('werden')}.`),
    tc('flag-futII','Futur II','Future perfect',
      `${kw('werden')} (Präsens) + Partizip II + ${kw('haben/sein')}<br>${ex('ich werde gegessen haben')}`,
      'Bis Montag werde ich es fertig haben.','By Monday I will have finished it.',
      'An action completed before a point in the future. Also expresses <em>probability about the past</em> (<em>Er wird es vergessen haben</em> — He\'s probably forgotten it).',
      written+formal,
      `${kw('werden')} + Partizip II + ${kw('worden sein')} &nbsp;→&nbsp; Es ${kw('wird')} gemacht ${kw('worden sein')}.`),
    tc('flag-kII','Konjunktiv II','Subjunctive II — conditionals &amp; politeness',
      `<em>Common:</em> ${kw('würde')} + Infinitiv<br><em>Strong verbs (own forms):</em><br>${ex('wäre, hätte, käme, ginge, könnte…')}`,
      'Wenn ich Zeit hätte, würde ich reisen.','If I had time, I would travel.',
      'Hypotheticals and conditionals (<em>wenn…</em>), polite requests (<em>Könnten Sie…?</em>), wishes (<em>Ich wünschte…</em>), and unreal comparisons (<em>als ob…</em>).',
      spoken+written+common,
      `${kw('würde(n)')} + Partizip II + ${kw('werden')} &nbsp;→&nbsp; Es ${kw('würde')} gemacht ${kw('werden')}.`),
    tc('flag-kI','Konjunktiv I','Subjunctive I — indirect speech',
      `verb stem + ${kw('-e / -est / -e / -en / -et / -en')}<br>${ex('sagen → ich sage, er sage, sie sagen')}<br>${ex('sein → ich sei, du sei(e)st, er sei…')}`,
      'Er sagte, er sei krank.','He said he was ill. (reported speech)',
      'Reported / indirect speech in journalism and formal writing. When Konj. I = indicative form, use Konj. II instead to avoid ambiguity.',
      written+formal,
      `${kw('werde(n)')} (Konj. I) + Partizip II &nbsp;→&nbsp; Er sagte, es ${kw('werde')} gemacht.`)
  ].join('');

  const modal=(inf,meaning,rows,useHtml)=>`
<div class="modal-card">
  <div class="modal-card-header"><div class="modal-infinitive">${inf}</div><div class="modal-meaning">${meaning}</div></div>
  <table class="modal-conj-table">${rows.map(r=>`<tr><td>${r[0]}</td><td>${r[1]}</td></tr>`).join('')}</table>
  <div class="modal-use-row"><strong>Use:</strong> ${useHtml}</div>
</div>`;

  const modalCards=[
    modal('dürfen','may / to be allowed to',[['ich / er/sie/es','darf'],['du','darfst'],['wir / sie/Sie','dürfen'],['ihr','dürft'],['Präteritum ich','durfte'],['Konjunktiv II','dürfte']],
      `permission — <em>Darf ich das Fenster öffnen?</em> (May I open the window?)`),
    modal('können','can / to be able to',[['ich / er/sie/es','kann'],['du','kannst'],['wir / sie/Sie','können'],['ihr','könnt'],['Präteritum ich','konnte'],['Konjunktiv II','könnte']],
      `ability or possibility — <em>Kannst du mir helfen?</em> (Can you help me?)`),
    modal('mögen','to like / may (formal)',[['ich / er/sie/es','mag'],['du','magst'],['wir / sie/Sie','mögen'],['ihr','mögt'],['Präteritum ich','mochte'],['Konjunktiv II','möchte']],
      `liking (<em>Ich mag Kaffee</em>) or polite wish — <em>Ich möchte bitte zahlen.</em> (I'd like to pay.)`),
    modal('müssen','must / to have to',[['ich / er/sie/es','muss'],['du','musst'],['wir / sie/Sie','müssen'],['ihr','müsst'],['Präteritum ich','musste'],['Konjunktiv II','müsste']],
      `necessity or obligation — <em>Ich muss jetzt gehen.</em> (I have to go now.)`),
    modal('sollen','should / to be supposed to',[['ich / er/sie/es','soll'],['du','sollst'],['wir / sie/Sie','sollen'],['ihr','sollt'],['Präteritum ich','sollte'],['Konjunktiv II','sollte']],
      `external obligation or instruction — <em>Du sollst nicht lügen.</em> (You shall not lie.)`),
    modal('wollen','to want to',[['ich / er/sie/es','will'],['du','willst'],['wir / sie/Sie','wollen'],['ihr','wollt'],['Präteritum ich','wollte'],['Konjunktiv II','wollte']],
      `desire or intention — <em>Ich will Deutsch lernen.</em> (I want to learn German.)`),
    modal('werden','will / to become',[['ich','werde'],['du','wirst'],['er/sie/es','wird'],['wir / sie/Sie','werden'],['ihr','werdet'],['Konjunktiv II','würde']],
      `future (+ Infinitiv), passive (+ Partizip II), or becoming — <em>Es wird kalt.</em> (It's getting cold.)`)
  ].join('');

  m.innerHTML=`<div class="card">
<h2 class="card-header">Tenses Cheatsheet</h2>
<div class="cs-section-label">German Tenses</div>
<p class="cs-section-sub">A reference guide to all eight tenses — formation, examples, and when to use them.</p>
${tenseCards}
<div class="cs-divider">Quick Reference</div>
<table class="cs-ref-table">
<thead><tr><th>Tense</th><th>Active formula</th><th>Passive formula</th><th>Key signal words</th></tr></thead>
<tbody>
<tr><td>Präsens</td><td class="mono">lern<b>e</b></td><td class="mono"><b>wird</b> gemacht</td><td>jetzt, immer, täglich</td></tr>
<tr><td>Präteritum</td><td class="mono">lern<b>te</b> / kam</td><td class="mono"><b>wurde</b> gemacht</td><td>damals, früher, plötzlich</td></tr>
<tr><td>Perfekt</td><td class="mono"><b>hat</b> gelernt / <b>ist</b> gegangen</td><td class="mono"><b>ist</b> gemacht <b>worden</b></td><td>schon, bereits, gerade</td></tr>
<tr><td>Plusquamperfekt</td><td class="mono"><b>hatte</b> gelernt / <b>war</b> gegangen</td><td class="mono"><b>war</b> gemacht <b>worden</b></td><td>nachdem, bevor, schon</td></tr>
<tr><td>Futur I</td><td class="mono"><b>wird</b> lernen</td><td class="mono"><b>wird</b> gemacht <b>werden</b></td><td>morgen, bald, nächste Woche</td></tr>
<tr><td>Futur II</td><td class="mono"><b>wird</b> gelernt <b>haben</b></td><td class="mono"><b>wird</b> gemacht worden <b>sein</b></td><td>bis dann, bis Montag</td></tr>
<tr><td>Konjunktiv II</td><td class="mono"><b>würde</b> lernen / wäre / hätte</td><td class="mono"><b>würde</b> gemacht <b>werden</b></td><td>wenn, falls, ich wünschte</td></tr>
<tr><td>Konjunktiv I</td><td class="mono">er lern<b>e</b> / er <b>sei</b></td><td class="mono">es <b>werde</b> gemacht</td><td>er sagte, sie berichtete</td></tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<div class="cs-note">💡 <strong>Tip:</strong> When the Konjunktiv I form looks identical to the indicative (e.g. <em>sie lernen</em>), switch to Konjunktiv II (<em>sie lernten</em> or <em>würden lernen</em>) to make the reported-speech meaning clear.</div>
<div class="cs-divider" style="margin-top:40px">Modal Verbs</div>
<p class="cs-section-sub" style="margin-top:-8px">Six modals + <em>werden</em> — conjugation and core meanings. Modals always use Präteritum (not Perfekt) in speech.</p>
<div class="modal-grid">${modalCards}</div>
<div class="cs-note" style="margin-top:18px">💡 <strong>Double infinitive (Ersatzinfinitiv):</strong> In Perfekt/Plusquamperfekt with a dependent verb, both appear as infinitives — <em>Ich habe kommen <strong>müssen</strong></em> (not <em>gemusst</em>).</div>
<div class="cs-note" style="margin-top:10px">💡 <strong>nicht müssen vs. nicht dürfen:</strong> <em>Du musst nicht</em> = you don't have to. <em>Du darfst nicht</em> = you must not (prohibition). Commonly confused by English speakers.</div>
</div>`;
}

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