diff --git a/darkdraw/__init__.py b/darkdraw/__init__.py
index 0a357db..19d1260 100644
--- a/darkdraw/__init__.py
+++ b/darkdraw/__init__.py
@@ -1,16 +1,18 @@
 from .box import *
 from .charbrowser import *
 from .drawing import *
-from .animation import *
 from .upgrade import *
+from .stamps import *
 
 from .ansihtml import * # save to .ansihtml
 from .save import *
+from .load_ans import *
 from .save_ans import *
 from .load_dur import *
+from .save_dur import *
 from .boxdraw import *
 from .flip import *
-from .draw_ops import *
+from .frame_mgmt import *
 
 from .loader_scr import *  # deprecated 2020 format, remove anytime
 
diff --git a/darkdraw/frame_mgmt.ddw b/darkdraw/frame_mgmt.ddw
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..627ee67
--- /dev/null
+++ b/darkdraw/frame_mgmt.ddw
@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+{"id": "0", "type": "frame", "x": null, "y": null, "text": "", "color": "", "tags": [], "group": "", "frame": null, "rows": null, "duration_ms": 100, "ref": null}
+{"id": "1", "type": "frame", "text": "", "color": "", "tags": [], "group": "", "duration_ms": 100}
+{"id": "2", "type": "frame", "text": "", "color": "", "tags": [], "group": "", "duration_ms": 100}
+{"id": "3", "type": "frame", "text": "", "color": "", "tags": [], "group": "", "duration_ms": 100}
+{"id": "4", "type": "frame", "text": "", "color": "", "tags": [], "group": "", "duration_ms": 100}
+{"x": 3, "y": 1, "text": "frame_mgmt.py", "color": "14", "tags": [], "group": "", "frame": ""}
+{"x": 33, "y": 3, "text": "Frame ID Linking", "color": "13", "tags": [], "group": "", "frame": "0"}
+{"x": 3, "y": 5, "text": "In the backing sheet, changes to the id value of a frame object are propagated", "color": "", "tags": [], "group": "", "frame": "0"}
+{"x": 3, "y": 6, "text": "to all text objects referencing that frame id, but not the other way around.", "color": "", "tags": [], "group": "", "frame": "0"}
+{"x": 3, "y": 7, "text": "Open a second pane (Z), and open the backing sheet there (`). Edit (e) the", "color": "", "tags": [], "group": "", "frame": "0"}
+{"x": 3, "y": 8, "text": "id field of the first item in the backing sheet, type TEST (or anything but 0)", "color": "", "tags": [], "group": "", "frame": "0"}
+{"x": 3, "y": 9, "text": "and confirm the edit (Enter). The frame values of all objects on this frame", "color": "", "tags": [], "group": "", "frame": "0"}
+{"x": 3, "y": 10, "text": "have changed to match the new frame id. Editing the frame value of these objects", "color": "", "tags": [], "group": "", "frame": "0"}
+{"x": 3, "y": 11, "text": "will not affect the frame's id value.", "color": "", "tags": [], "group": "", "frame": "0"}
+{"x": 23, "y": 7, "text": "Z", "color": "11", "tags": [], "group": "", "frame": "0"}
+{"x": 61, "y": 7, "text": "`", "color": "11", "tags": [], "group": "", "frame": "0"}
+{"x": 71, "y": 7, "text": "e", "color": "11", "tags": [], "group": "", "frame": "0"}
+{"x": 25, "y": 9, "text": "Enter", "color": "11", "tags": [], "group": "", "frame": "0"}
+{"x": 31, "y": 14, "text": "to duplicate-frame ]", "color": "10", "tags": [], "group": "", "frame": "0"}
+{"x": 30, "y": 3, "text": "duplicate-frame", "color": "13", "tags": [], "group": "", "frame": "1"}
+{"x": 3, "y": 5, "text": "In the canvas, press gz] to create a copy of the current frame.", "color": "", "tags": [], "group": "", "frame": "1"}
+{"x": 3, "y": 6, "text": "(gz[ would also work, but later steps in this tutorial assume that you", "color": "", "tags": [], "group": "", "frame": "1"}
+{"x": 3, "y": 7, "text": "will have pressed gz] here.)", "color": "", "tags": [], "group": "", "frame": "1"}
+{"x": 4, "y": 6, "text": "gz[", "color": "11", "tags": [], "group": "", "frame": "1"}
+{"x": 21, "y": 7, "text": "gz]", "color": "11", "tags": [], "group": "", "frame": "1"}
+{"x": 24, "y": 5, "text": "gz]", "color": "11", "tags": [], "group": "", "frame": "1"}
+{"x": 27, "y": 14, "text": "to combine-duplicates ]", "color": "10", "tags": [], "group": "", "frame": "1"}
+{"x": 33, "y": 3, "text": "combine-duplicates", "color": "13", "tags": [], "group": "", "frame": "2"}
+{"x": 3, "y": 6, "text": "Press Space, and enter command longname combine-duplicates.", "color": "", "tags": [], "group": "", "frame": "2"}
+{"x": 3, "y": 7, "text": "The duplicated items on the previous frame/the new copy are now combined", "color": "", "tags": [], "group": "", "frame": "2"}
+{"x": 3, "y": 8, "text": "into single items with two frame ids.", "color": "", "tags": [], "group": "", "frame": "2"}
+{"x": 3, "y": 5, "text": "Identical objects on multiple frames can be combined to declutter the backing sheet.", "color": "", "tags": [], "group": "", "frame": "2"}
+{"x": 9, "y": 6, "text": "Space", "color": "11", "tags": [], "group": "", "frame": "2"}
+{"x": 43, "y": 6, "text": "combine-duplicates", "color": "11", "tags": [], "group": "", "frame": "2"}
+{"x": 30, "y": 14, "text": "to self-contain-frames ]", "color": "10", "tags": [], "group": "", "frame": "2"}
+{"x": 26, "y": 3, "text": "self-contain-frames", "color": "13", "tags": [], "group": "", "frame": "3"}
+{"x": 3, "y": 5, "text": "The opposite can also be done, to prevent edits on a given frame", "color": "", "tags": [], "group": "", "frame": "3"}
+{"x": 3, "y": 6, "text": "from affecting the contents of other frames.", "color": "", "tags": [], "group": "", "frame": "3"}
+{"x": 3, "y": 7, "text": "Enter command longname self-contain-frames.", "color": "", "tags": [], "group": "", "frame": "3"}
+{"x": 3, "y": 8, "text": "The multi-frame objects created from frame 1 have again", "color": "", "tags": [], "group": "", "frame": "3"}
+{"x": 3, "y": 9, "text": "become separate single-frame objects", "color": "", "tags": [], "group": "", "frame": "3"}
+{"x": 26, "y": 7, "text": "self-contain-frames", "color": "11", "tags": [], "group": "", "frame": "3"}
+{"x": 19, "y": 14, "text": "to delete-orphan-frame-elements ]", "color": "10", "tags": [], "group": "", "frame": "3"}
+{"x": 21, "y": 3, "text": "delete-orphan-frame-elements", "color": "13", "tags": [], "group": "", "frame": "4"}
+{"x": 3, "y": 6, "text": "In the backing sheet, delete ONLY the frame object for frame 1-2.", "color": "", "tags": [], "group": "", "frame": "4"}
+{"x": 3, "y": 7, "text": "Then, enter command longname delete-orphan-frame-elements.", "color": "", "tags": [], "group": "", "frame": "4"}
+{"x": 3, "y": 8, "text": "The text objects from frame 1-2 have been pruned.", "color": "", "tags": [], "group": "", "frame": "4"}
+{"x": 3, "y": 5, "text": "Objects that are unused by any frame can be trimmed, all at once.", "color": "", "tags": [], "group": "", "frame": "4"}
+{"x": 64, "y": 6, "text": "1-2", "color": "11", "tags": [], "group": "", "frame": "4"}
+{"x": 32, "y": 7, "text": "delete-orphan-frame-elements", "color": "11", "tags": [], "group": "", "frame": "4"}
+{"x": 31, "y": 8, "text": "1-2", "color": "11", "tags": [], "group": "", "frame": "4"}
+{"x": 32, "y": 10, "text": "__", "color": "9", "tags": [], "group": "", "frame": "4"}
+{"x": 31, "y": 11, "text": "/_'  _/", "color": "9", "tags": [], "group": "", "frame": "4"}
+{"x": 30, "y": 12, "text": "/_,/)(/o", "color": "9", "tags": [], "group": "", "frame": "4"}
diff --git a/darkdraw/frame_mgmt.py b/darkdraw/frame_mgmt.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3180050
--- /dev/null
+++ b/darkdraw/frame_mgmt.py
@@ -0,0 +1,169 @@
+from copy import copy as _copy
+
+from visidata import vd, VisiData, ItemColumn
+
+from .drawing import DrawingSheet, Drawing
+
+
+def _link_id_setter(col, row, val):
+    old = getattr(row, 'id', None)
+    if not (getattr(row, 'type', '') == 'frame' and old and old != val):
+        return
+    n = 0
+    for r in col.sheet.rows:
+        if r is row or getattr(r, 'type', '') or not getattr(r, 'frame', ''): continue
+        ids = r.frame.split()
+        if old not in ids: continue
+        vd.addUndo(setattr, r, 'frame', r.frame)
+        r.frame = ' '.join(val if x == old else x for x in ids)
+        n += 1
+    if n: vd.status(f'link_frame_ids: updated {n} element(s) {old!r} → {val!r}')
+
+
+for _i, _c in enumerate(DrawingSheet.columns):
+    if _c.name == 'id':
+        DrawingSheet.columns[_i] = ItemColumn('id', type=str, setter=_link_id_setter)
+        break
+
+
+### DUPLICATE-FRAME ##########################################################
+@Drawing.api
+def duplicate_frame(sheet, before=False):
+    src = sheet.source
+    if not src.frames:
+        return src.new_between_frame(-1, 0)
+
+    cur = src.frames[sheet.cursorFrameIndex]
+    if before:
+        adj = src.frames[sheet.cursorFrameIndex-1] if sheet.cursorFrameIndex > 0 else None
+        if adj:
+            base = str(adj.id)+'-'+str(cur.id)
+        else:
+            try: base = str(int(cur.id)-1)
+            except ValueError: base = f'{cur.id}-pre'
+    else:
+        adj = src.frames[sheet.cursorFrameIndex+1] if sheet.cursorFrameIndex+1 < len(src.frames) else None
+        if adj:
+            base = str(cur.id)+'-'+str(adj.id)
+        else:
+            try: base = str(int(cur.id)+1)
+            except ValueError: base = f'{cur.id}-post'
+
+    existing = {r.id for r in src.rows if r.type == 'frame'}
+    name = base
+    i = 2
+    while name in existing:
+        name = f'{base}-{i}'
+        i += 1
+
+    newf = src.newRow()
+    newf.type = 'frame'
+    newf.id = name
+    newf.duration_ms = cur.duration_ms or 100
+
+    for i, r in enumerate(src.rows):
+        if r is cur:
+            vd.clearCaches()
+            src.addRow(newf, index=i if before else i+1)
+            break
+
+    dup_rows = [_copy(r) for r in src.rows if cur.id in (r.frame or '').split()]
+    for r in dup_rows:
+        r.frame = newf.id
+        src.addRow(r)
+    return newf
+
+Drawing.addCommand('gz[', 'duplicate-frame-before', 'sheet.duplicate_frame(before=True)', 'insert new frame before current with copy of current frame objects')
+Drawing.addCommand('gz]', 'duplicate-frame-after', 'sheet.duplicate_frame(before=False); sheet.cursorFrameIndex += 1', 'insert new frame after current with copy of current frame objects')
+##############################################################################
+
+### DELETE ORPHAN-FRAME ELEMENTS ##############################################
+@DrawingSheet.api
+def delete_orphan_frame_elements(self):
+    'Delete elements whose .frame references no existing frame id.'
+    valid = {r.id for r in self.rows if r.type == 'frame'}
+    orphans = [r for r in self.rows
+               if not r.type and r.frame
+               and not (set(r.frame.split()) & valid)]
+    if not orphans:
+        vd.status('no orphan-frame elements')
+        return
+    oids = set(map(id, orphans))
+    self.deleteBy(lambda r, oids=oids: id(r) in oids)
+    vd.status(f'deleted {len(orphans)} orphan-frame element(s)')
+
+DrawingSheet.addCommand(None, 'delete-orphan-frame-elements', 'sheet.delete_orphan_frame_elements()', 'delete elements whose frame field references no existing frame')
+Drawing.addCommand(None, 'delete-orphan-frame-elements', 'sheet.source.delete_orphan_frame_elements()', 'delete elements whose frame field references no existing frame')
+##############################################################################
+
+### COMBINE DUPLICATES #######################################################
+@DrawingSheet.api
+def combine_duplicates(self):
+    'Merge elements sharing x,y,text,color,tags,group: union their frame ids onto one, delete the rest.'
+    groups = {}
+    for r in self.rows:
+        if r.type: continue
+        key = (r.x, r.y, r.text, r.color, frozenset(r.tags or []), r.group)
+        groups.setdefault(key, []).append(r)
+
+    to_delete = []
+    merged = 0
+    for rs in groups.values():
+        if len(rs) < 2: continue
+        frames = set()
+        any_empty = False
+        for r in rs:
+            if not r.frame:
+                any_empty = True
+            else:
+                frames.update(r.frame.split())
+        keeper = rs[0]
+        new_frame = '' if any_empty else ' '.join(sorted(frames))
+        if keeper.frame != new_frame:
+            vd.addUndo(setattr, keeper, 'frame', keeper.frame)
+            keeper.frame = new_frame
+        to_delete.extend(rs[1:])
+        merged += 1
+
+    if not to_delete:
+        vd.status('no duplicates')
+        return
+    oids = set(map(id, to_delete))
+    self.deleteBy(lambda r, oids=oids: id(r) in oids)
+    vd.status(f'combined {merged} group(s), removed {len(to_delete)} duplicate(s)')
+
+DrawingSheet.addCommand(None, 'combine-duplicates', 'sheet.combine_duplicates()', 'merge elements with same x,y,text,color,tags,group: union frame ids, delete extras')
+Drawing.addCommand(None, 'combine-duplicates', 'sheet.source.combine_duplicates()', 'merge elements with same x,y,text,color,tags,group: union frame ids, delete extras')
+##############################################################################
+
+### SELF-CONTAIN FRAMES ######################################################
+@DrawingSheet.api
+def self_contain_frames(self):
+    'Split each element with >1 frame ids into one copy per frame; delete originals. Skips empty/null frame field.'
+    to_delete = []
+    new_rows = []
+    n_split = 0
+    for r in list(self.rows):
+        if r.type: continue
+        if not r.frame: continue
+        ids = r.frame.split()
+        if len(ids) < 2: continue
+        for fid in ids:
+            new_r = _copy(r)
+            new_r.frame = fid
+            self.addRow(new_r)
+            new_rows.append(new_r)
+        to_delete.append(r)
+        n_split += 1
+    if not to_delete:
+        vd.status('no multi-frame elements')
+        return
+    new_ids = set(map(id, new_rows))
+    vd.addUndo(self.deleteBy, lambda r, ids=new_ids: id(r) in ids)
+    oids = set(map(id, to_delete))
+    self.deleteBy(lambda r, oids=oids: id(r) in oids)
+    vd.status(f'split {n_split} element(s) into {len(new_rows)} copies')
+
+DrawingSheet.addCommand(None, 'self-contain-frames', 'sheet.self_contain_frames()', 'split each multi-frame element into one copy per frame; delete originals')
+Drawing.addCommand(None, 'self-contain-frames', 'sheet.source.self_contain_frames()', 'split each multi-frame element into one copy per frame; delete originals')
+##############################################################################