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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="utf-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, shrink-to-fit=no">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="https://stackpath.bootstrapcdn.com/bootstrap/4.1.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" integrity="sha384-WskhaSGFgHYWDcbwN70/dfYBj47jz9qbsMId/iRN3ewGhXQFZCSftd1LZCfmhktB" crossorigin="anonymous">
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="assets/vsi/css/vsi.css">
</head>
<body>
<div class="container">
<div class="row">
<div class="col-12">
<br>
<h1 class="text-center">What Does CNN Shift Invariance Look Like?<br>A Visualization Study</h1>
</div>
</div>
<br>
<div class="row">
<div class="col-lg-4">
<table class="table table-borderless table-sm text-center">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="font-size:22px;"><a href="http://www.jakehlee.com/">
Jake Lee
</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="font-size:22px;">
Columbia University
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
<div class="col-lg-4">
<table class="table table-borderless table-sm text-center">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="font-size:22px;"><a href="http://www.cs.columbia.edu/~junfeng/">
Junfeng Yang
</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="font-size:22px;">
Columbia University
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
<div class="col-lg-4">
<table class="table table-borderless table-sm text-center">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="font-size:22px;"><a href="https://vita-group.github.io/">
Zhangyang Wang
</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="font-size:22px;">
University of Texas at Austin
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
<div class="row" style="font-size:22px;">
<div class="col-lg-12 text-center">
Presented at ECCV RLQ-TOD 2020 Workshop <a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2011.04127">[arXiv]</a>
<br>
Supplemental figures provided below
</div>
<div class="col-lg-12 text-center">
<a href="https://jakehlee.github.io/interactive-invariance/" class="btn btn-primary btn-lg">Try our Interactive Demo!</a>
</div>
</div>
<hr>
<div class="row">
<div class="col-md-2"></div>
<div class="col-md-8">
<img src="assets/vsi/img/teaser.png" class="img-fluid" alt="Figure 1">
</div>
<div class="col-md-2"></div>
</div>
<hr>
<div>
<h1 class="text-center">Abstract</h1>
<br>
<p class="text-left lead">Feature extraction with convolutional neural networks (CNNs) is a popular method to represent images for machine learning tasks. These representations seek to capture global image content, and ideally should be independent of geometric transformations. We focus on measuring and visualizing the shift invariance of extracted features from popular off-the-shelf CNN models. We present the results of three experiments comparing representations of millions of images with exhaustively shifted objects, examining both local invariance (within a few pixels) and global invariance (across the image frame). We conclude that features extracted from popular networks are not globally invariant, and that biases and artifacts exist within this variance. Additionally, we determine that anti-aliased models significantly improve local invariance, but do not impact global invariance. Finally, we provide a code repository for experiment reproduction, as well as a website to interact with our results.</p>
</div>
<hr>
<div class="text-center">
<h1>Code & Data</h1>
</div>
<br>
<dl class="row" style="font-size:22px;">
<dt class="col-sm-6 text-switch">Experiment scripts</dt>
<dd class="col-sm-6"><a href="">[To Be Added]</a></dd>
<dt class="col-sm-6 text-switch">Interactive site source</dt>
<dd class="col-sm-6"><a href="https://github.com/jakehlee/interactive-invariance">[GitHub Repo]</a></dd>
</dl>
<hr>
<div>
<h1 class="text-center">Paper</h1>
<br>
<div class="row">
<div class="col-lg-2"></div>
<div class="col-lg-4">
<div class="img-stack">
<a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2011.04127"><img src="assets/vid/pages/1.png" class="stack-1"></a>
<img src="assets/vid/pages/2.png" class="stack-2">
<img src="assets/vid/pages/3.png" class="stack-3">
</div>
</div>
<div class="col-lg-4" style="display: flex; align-items: center;">
<div class="text-left">
Jake Lee, Junfeng Yang, Zhangyang Wang
<br>
<strong>What Does CNN Shift Invariance Look Like? A Visualization Study</strong>
<br>
Accepted
<br>
<a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2011.04127">[arXiv]</a>
</div>
</div>
<div class="col-lg-2"></div>
</div>
</div>
<hr>
<div>
<h1 class="text-center">Figure 3 Additional Heatmaps: Large-Patch Dataset</h1>
<p>Cosine similarity heatmaps of the large-patch dataset. Each pixel represents the average cosine similarity of different object patches at that shift location.</p>
<table class="table">
<thead>
<tr>
<th scope="col">Model</th>
<th scope="col" class="text-center">Top-Left</th>
<th scope="col" class="text-center">Top-Right</th>
<th scope="col" class="text-center">Center</th>
<th scope="col" class="text-center">Bottom-Left</th>
<th scope="col" class="text-center">Bottom-Right</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<th scope="row">AlexNet fc6 <br> Off-the-Shelf</th>
<td class="text-center heatmap"><img src="assets/vsi/img/alexfc6_export/alexfc6_large_white/tl.png"></td>
<td class="text-center heatmap"><img src="assets/vsi/img/alexfc6_export/alexfc6_large_white/tr.png"></td>
<td class="text-center heatmap"><img src="assets/vsi/img/alexfc6_export/alexfc6_large_white/c.png"></td>
<td class="text-center heatmap"><img src="assets/vsi/img/alexfc6_export/alexfc6_large_white/bl.png"></td>
<td class="text-center heatmap"><img src="assets/vsi/img/alexfc6_export/alexfc6_large_white/br.png"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row">AlexNet fc6 <br> Anti-Aliased</th>
<td class="text-center heatmap"><img src="assets/vsi/img/alexfc6_export/alexfc6_large_white_AA/tl.png"></td>
<td class="text-center heatmap"><img src="assets/vsi/img/alexfc6_export/alexfc6_large_white_AA/tr.png"></td>
<td class="text-center heatmap"><img src="assets/vsi/img/alexfc6_export/alexfc6_large_white_AA/c.png"></td>
<td class="text-center heatmap"><img src="assets/vsi/img/alexfc6_export/alexfc6_large_white_AA/bl.png"></td>
<td class="text-center heatmap"><img src="assets/vsi/img/alexfc6_export/alexfc6_large_white_AA/br.png"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row">AlexNet fc7 <br> Off-the-Shelf</th>
<td class="text-center heatmap"><img src="assets/vsi/img/alexfc7_export/fc7_large_white/tl.png"></td>
<td class="text-center heatmap"><img src="assets/vsi/img/alexfc7_export/fc7_large_white/tr.png"></td>
<td class="text-center heatmap"><img src="assets/vsi/img/alexfc7_export/fc7_large_white/c.png"></td>
<td class="text-center heatmap"><img src="assets/vsi/img/alexfc7_export/fc7_large_white/bl.png"></td>
<td class="text-center heatmap"><img src="assets/vsi/img/alexfc7_export/fc7_large_white/br.png"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row">AlexNet fc7 <br> Anti-Aliased</th>
<td class="text-center heatmap"><img src="assets/vsi/img/alexfc7_export/fc7_large_white_AA/tl.png"></td>
<td class="text-center heatmap"><img src="assets/vsi/img/alexfc7_export/fc7_large_white_AA/tr.png"></td>
<td class="text-center heatmap"><img src="assets/vsi/img/alexfc7_export/fc7_large_white_AA/c.png"></td>
<td class="text-center heatmap"><img src="assets/vsi/img/alexfc7_export/fc7_large_white_AA/bl.png"></td>
<td class="text-center heatmap"><img src="assets/vsi/img/alexfc7_export/fc7_large_white_AA/br.png"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row">AlexNet fc8 <br> Off-the-Shelf</th>
<td class="text-center heatmap"><img src="assets/vsi/img/alexfc8_export/alexfc8_large_white/tl.png"></td>
<td class="text-center heatmap"><img src="assets/vsi/img/alexfc8_export/alexfc8_large_white/tr.png"></td>
<td class="text-center heatmap"><img src="assets/vsi/img/alexfc8_export/alexfc8_large_white/c.png"></td>
<td class="text-center heatmap"><img src="assets/vsi/img/alexfc8_export/alexfc8_large_white/bl.png"></td>
<td class="text-center heatmap"><img src="assets/vsi/img/alexfc8_export/alexfc8_large_white/br.png"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row">AlexNet fc8 <br> Anti-Aliased</th>
<td class="text-center heatmap"><img src="assets/vsi/img/alexfc8_export/alexfc8_large_white_AA/tl.png"></td>
<td class="text-center heatmap"><img src="assets/vsi/img/alexfc8_export/alexfc8_large_white_AA/tr.png"></td>
<td class="text-center heatmap"><img src="assets/vsi/img/alexfc8_export/alexfc8_large_white_AA/c.png"></td>
<td class="text-center heatmap"><img src="assets/vsi/img/alexfc8_export/alexfc8_large_white_AA/bl.png"></td>
<td class="text-center heatmap"><img src="assets/vsi/img/alexfc8_export/alexfc8_large_white_AA/br.png"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row">ResNet-50 <br> Off-the-Shelf</th>
<td class="text-center heatmap"><img src="assets/vsi/img/resnet50_export/resnet_large_white/tl.png"></td>
<td class="text-center heatmap"><img src="assets/vsi/img/resnet50_export/resnet_large_white/tr.png"></td>
<td class="text-center heatmap"><img src="assets/vsi/img/resnet50_export/resnet_large_white/c.png"></td>
<td class="text-center heatmap"><img src="assets/vsi/img/resnet50_export/resnet_large_white/bl.png"></td>
<td class="text-center heatmap"><img src="assets/vsi/img/resnet50_export/resnet_large_white/br.png"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row">ResNet-50 <br> Anti-Aliased</th>
<td class="text-center heatmap"><img src="assets/vsi/img/resnet50_export/resnet_large_white_AA/tl.png"></td>
<td class="text-center heatmap"><img src="assets/vsi/img/resnet50_export/resnet_large_white_AA/tr.png"></td>
<td class="text-center heatmap"><img src="assets/vsi/img/resnet50_export/resnet_large_white_AA/c.png"></td>
<td class="text-center heatmap"><img src="assets/vsi/img/resnet50_export/resnet_large_white_AA/bl.png"></td>
<td class="text-center heatmap"><img src="assets/vsi/img/resnet50_export/resnet_large_white_AA/br.png"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row">MobileNetV2 <br> Off-the-Shelf</th>
<td class="text-center heatmap"><img src="assets/vsi/img/mobilenet_export/mobile_large_white/tl.png"></td>
<td class="text-center heatmap"><img src="assets/vsi/img/mobilenet_export/mobile_large_white/tr.png"></td>
<td class="text-center heatmap"><img src="assets/vsi/img/mobilenet_export/mobile_large_white/c.png"></td>
<td class="text-center heatmap"><img src="assets/vsi/img/mobilenet_export/mobile_large_white/bl.png"></td>
<td class="text-center heatmap"><img src="assets/vsi/img/mobilenet_export/mobile_large_white/br.png"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row">MobileNetV2 <br> Anti-Aliased</th>
<td class="text-center heatmap"><img src="assets/vsi/img/mobilenet_export/mobile_large_white_AA/tl.png"></td>
<td class="text-center heatmap"><img src="assets/vsi/img/mobilenet_export/mobile_large_white_AA/tr.png"></td>
<td class="text-center heatmap"><img src="assets/vsi/img/mobilenet_export/mobile_large_white_AA/c.png"></td>
<td class="text-center heatmap"><img src="assets/vsi/img/mobilenet_export/mobile_large_white_AA/bl.png"></td>
<td class="text-center heatmap"><img src="assets/vsi/img/mobilenet_export/mobile_large_white_AA/br.png"></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
<hr>
<div>
<h1 class="text-center">Figure 4 Additional Heatmaps: Small-Patch Dataset</h1>
<p>Cosine similarity heatmaps of the small-patch dataset. Each pixel represents the average cosine similarity of different object patches at that shift location.</p>
<table class="table">
<thead>
<tr>
<th scope="col">Model</th>
<th scope="col" class="text-center">Top-Left</th>
<th scope="col" class="text-center">Top-Right</th>
<th scope="col" class="text-center">Center</th>
<th scope="col" class="text-center">Bottom-Left</th>
<th scope="col" class="text-center">Bottom-Right</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<th scope="row">AlexNet fc6 <br> Off-the-Shelf</th>
<td class="text-center heatmap"><img src="assets/vsi/img/alexfc6_export/alexfc6_small_white/tl.png"></td>
<td class="text-center heatmap"><img src="assets/vsi/img/alexfc6_export/alexfc6_small_white/tr.png"></td>
<td class="text-center heatmap"><img src="assets/vsi/img/alexfc6_export/alexfc6_small_white/c.png"></td>
<td class="text-center heatmap"><img src="assets/vsi/img/alexfc6_export/alexfc6_small_white/bl.png"></td>
<td class="text-center heatmap"><img src="assets/vsi/img/alexfc6_export/alexfc6_small_white/br.png"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row">AlexNet fc6 <br> Anti-Aliased</th>
<td class="text-center heatmap"><img src="assets/vsi/img/alexfc6_export/alexfc6_small_white_AA/tl.png"></td>
<td class="text-center heatmap"><img src="assets/vsi/img/alexfc6_export/alexfc6_small_white_AA/tr.png"></td>
<td class="text-center heatmap"><img src="assets/vsi/img/alexfc6_export/alexfc6_small_white_AA/c.png"></td>
<td class="text-center heatmap"><img src="assets/vsi/img/alexfc6_export/alexfc6_small_white_AA/bl.png"></td>
<td class="text-center heatmap"><img src="assets/vsi/img/alexfc6_export/alexfc6_small_white_AA/br.png"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row">AlexNet fc7 <br> Off-the-Shelf</th>
<td class="text-center heatmap"><img src="assets/vsi/img/alexfc7_export/fc7_small_white/tl.png"></td>
<td class="text-center heatmap"><img src="assets/vsi/img/alexfc7_export/fc7_small_white/tr.png"></td>
<td class="text-center heatmap"><img src="assets/vsi/img/alexfc7_export/fc7_small_white/c.png"></td>
<td class="text-center heatmap"><img src="assets/vsi/img/alexfc7_export/fc7_small_white/bl.png"></td>
<td class="text-center heatmap"><img src="assets/vsi/img/alexfc7_export/fc7_small_white/br.png"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row">AlexNet fc7 <br> Anti-Aliased</th>
<td class="text-center heatmap"><img src="assets/vsi/img/alexfc7_export/fc7_small_white_AA/tl.png"></td>
<td class="text-center heatmap"><img src="assets/vsi/img/alexfc7_export/fc7_small_white_AA/tr.png"></td>
<td class="text-center heatmap"><img src="assets/vsi/img/alexfc7_export/fc7_small_white_AA/c.png"></td>
<td class="text-center heatmap"><img src="assets/vsi/img/alexfc7_export/fc7_small_white_AA/bl.png"></td>
<td class="text-center heatmap"><img src="assets/vsi/img/alexfc7_export/fc7_small_white_AA/br.png"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row">AlexNet fc8 <br> Off-the-Shelf</th>
<td class="text-center heatmap"><img src="assets/vsi/img/alexfc8_export/alexfc8_small_white/tl.png"></td>
<td class="text-center heatmap"><img src="assets/vsi/img/alexfc8_export/alexfc8_small_white/tr.png"></td>
<td class="text-center heatmap"><img src="assets/vsi/img/alexfc8_export/alexfc8_small_white/c.png"></td>
<td class="text-center heatmap"><img src="assets/vsi/img/alexfc8_export/alexfc8_small_white/bl.png"></td>
<td class="text-center heatmap"><img src="assets/vsi/img/alexfc8_export/alexfc8_small_white/br.png"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row">AlexNet fc8 <br> Anti-Aliased</th>
<td class="text-center heatmap"><img src="assets/vsi/img/alexfc8_export/alexfc8_small_white_AA/tl.png"></td>
<td class="text-center heatmap"><img src="assets/vsi/img/alexfc8_export/alexfc8_small_white_AA/tr.png"></td>
<td class="text-center heatmap"><img src="assets/vsi/img/alexfc8_export/alexfc8_small_white_AA/c.png"></td>
<td class="text-center heatmap"><img src="assets/vsi/img/alexfc8_export/alexfc8_small_white_AA/bl.png"></td>
<td class="text-center heatmap"><img src="assets/vsi/img/alexfc8_export/alexfc8_small_white_AA/br.png"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row">ResNet-50 <br> Off-the-Shelf</th>
<td class="text-center heatmap"><img src="assets/vsi/img/resnet50_export/resnet_small_white/tl.png"></td>
<td class="text-center heatmap"><img src="assets/vsi/img/resnet50_export/resnet_small_white/tr.png"></td>
<td class="text-center heatmap"><img src="assets/vsi/img/resnet50_export/resnet_small_white/c.png"></td>
<td class="text-center heatmap"><img src="assets/vsi/img/resnet50_export/resnet_small_white/bl.png"></td>
<td class="text-center heatmap"><img src="assets/vsi/img/resnet50_export/resnet_small_white/br.png"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row">ResNet-50 <br> Anti-Aliased</th>
<td class="text-center heatmap"><img src="assets/vsi/img/resnet50_export/resnet_small_white_AA/tl.png"></td>
<td class="text-center heatmap"><img src="assets/vsi/img/resnet50_export/resnet_small_white_AA/tr.png"></td>
<td class="text-center heatmap"><img src="assets/vsi/img/resnet50_export/resnet_small_white_AA/c.png"></td>
<td class="text-center heatmap"><img src="assets/vsi/img/resnet50_export/resnet_small_white_AA/bl.png"></td>
<td class="text-center heatmap"><img src="assets/vsi/img/resnet50_export/resnet_small_white_AA/br.png"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row">MobileNetV2 <br> Off-the-Shelf</th>
<td class="text-center heatmap"><img src="assets/vsi/img/mobilenet_export/mobile_small_white/tl.png"></td>
<td class="text-center heatmap"><img src="assets/vsi/img/mobilenet_export/mobile_small_white/tr.png"></td>
<td class="text-center heatmap"><img src="assets/vsi/img/mobilenet_export/mobile_small_white/c.png"></td>
<td class="text-center heatmap"><img src="assets/vsi/img/mobilenet_export/mobile_small_white/bl.png"></td>
<td class="text-center heatmap"><img src="assets/vsi/img/mobilenet_export/mobile_small_white/br.png"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row">MobileNetV2 <br> Anti-Aliased</th>
<td class="text-center heatmap"><img src="assets/vsi/img/mobilenet_export/mobile_small_white_AA/tl.png"></td>
<td class="text-center heatmap"><img src="assets/vsi/img/mobilenet_export/mobile_small_white_AA/tr.png"></td>
<td class="text-center heatmap"><img src="assets/vsi/img/mobilenet_export/mobile_small_white_AA/c.png"></td>
<td class="text-center heatmap"><img src="assets/vsi/img/mobilenet_export/mobile_small_white_AA/bl.png"></td>
<td class="text-center heatmap"><img src="assets/vsi/img/mobilenet_export/mobile_small_white_AA/br.png"></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
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