[Chore](bitmap) change BitmapValue CHECK to throw exception

[BiteTheDDDDt]

What problem does this PR solve?

This pull request refactors error handling in the BitmapValue class to improve robustness and provide clearer error messages. Instead of using CHECK macros, it now throws exceptions with detailed information when inconsistencies are detected in the bitmap value's set count.

Error handling improvements:

• Replaced CHECK and CHECK_EQ macros with explicit exception throwing (Exception(ErrorCode::INTERNAL_ERROR, ...)) when the set count exceeds the threshold or does not match the expected size, including detailed error messages with the problematic values.

Check List (For Author)

• Test

  • Regression test
  • Unit Test
  • Manual test (add detailed scripts or steps below)
  • No need to test or manual test. Explain why:
    • This is a refactor/code format and no logic has been changed.
    • Previous test can cover this change.
    • No code files have been changed.
    • Other reason

• Behavior changed:

  • No.
  • Yes.

• Does this need documentation?

  • No.
  • Yes.

Check List (For Reviewer who merge this PR)

• Confirm the release note
• Confirm test cases
• Confirm document
• Add branch pick label

[hello-stephen]

Thank you for your contribution to Apache Doris.
Don't know what should be done next? See How to process your PR.

Please clearly describe your PR:

1. What problem was fixed (it's best to include specific error reporting information). How it was fixed.
2. Which behaviors were modified. What was the previous behavior, what is it now, why was it modified, and what possible impacts might there be.
3. What features were added. Why was this function added?
4. Which code was refactored and why was this part of the code refactored?
5. Which functions were optimized and what is the difference before and after the optimization?

[BiteTheDDDDt]

run buildall

[mrhhsg]

LGTM

[github-actions]

PR approved by at least one committer and no changes requested.

[github-actions]

PR approved by anyone and no changes requested.

[hello-stephen]

BE UT Coverage Report

Increment line coverage 22.22% (2/9) 🎉

Increment coverage report
Complete coverage report

Category	Coverage
Function Coverage	53.42% (18963/35500)
Line Coverage	39.29% (175909/447724)
Region Coverage	33.85% (136106/402132)
Branch Coverage	34.78% (58768/168979)