[SPARK-58085][SQL][DOCS] Document accepted input types for built-in functions in the SQL function reference

[HyukjinKwon]

What changes were proposed in this pull request?

This documents, for every built-in function argument, which input types it accepts, in the SQL
@ExpressionDescription arguments blocks (rendered on the SQL functions reference page), using a
numeric umbrella (a numeric / a numeric or interval) where numeric subtypes cast in, and
timestamp for TIMESTAMP_NTZ in type phrases.

Subtask of SPARK-57999, split out from #57079 for reviewability. This PR covers only
the SQL surface.

Why are the changes needed?

The SQL function reference previously had no per-argument type information for most built-in
functions. This fills that gap.

Does this PR introduce any user-facing change?

Yes, documentation only. No behavioral or API change.

How was this patch tested?

Existing ExpressionInfoSuite and the SPARK-32870 argument-block-format tests pass. Types were
derived from and verified against the analyzer's accept/reject behavior and each expression's
inputTypes / checkInputDataTypes.

Co-authored-by: Isaac

[dongjoon-hyun]

This PR seems to break the CI at describe function unit test.

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