Add various Python mathematical and string utility programs#9
Add various Python mathematical and string utility programs#9Sindhu1702013 merged 1 commit intomasterfrom
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Functional AssessmentVerdict: ✅ Completed🧠 User Story ID: UC-001-A — Binary to Decimal Converter📝 Feature CompletenessThe Requirement was.. Implement a binaryToDecimal function in Programs/Test/BinaryToDecimal.py that converts binary input to decimal. This is what is built... Implemented the binaryToDecimal function using a while loop and power of 2 calculations. 📊 Implementation Status
✅ Completed Components
🧠 User Story ID: UC-001-B — Character Frequency Counter📝 Feature CompletenessThe Requirement was.. Implement charFrequency in Programs/Test/CharCount.py to count character occurrences in a string. This is what is built... Implemented charFrequency using a dictionary to tally character counts, including lowercase normalization. 📊 Implementation Status
✅ Completed Components
🧠 User Story ID: UC-001-C — Factorial Calculator📝 Feature CompletenessThe Requirement was.. Implement recursive and iterative factorial functions in Programs/Test/Factorial.py. This is what is built... Implemented both recursive (factorial) and iterative (factorial_without_recursion) functions. 📊 Implementation Status
✅ Completed Components
🧠 User Story ID: UC-001-D — Fibonacci Series Generator📝 Feature CompletenessThe Requirement was.. Implement recursive and iterative Fibonacci functions in Programs/Test/Fibonacci.py. This is what is built... Implemented recursive (fibonacci) and iterative (fibonacci_without_recursion) functions. 📊 Implementation Status
✅ Completed Components
🧠 User Story ID: UC-001-E — Least Common Multiple Calculator📝 Feature CompletenessThe Requirement was.. Implement LCM function in Programs/Test/LCM.py for two integers. This is what is built... Implemented LCM function using a while loop starting from the maximum of the two inputs. 📊 Implementation Status
✅ Completed Components
🧠 User Story ID: UC-001-F — Prime Number Checker📝 Feature CompletenessThe Requirement was.. Implement checkPrime in Programs/Test/PrimeNumber.py to identify prime numbers. This is what is built... Implemented checkPrime function with logic to handle 2 and numbers greater than 1. 📊 Implementation Status
✅ Completed Components
🎯 Conclusion & Final AssessmentImportant 🟢 Completed Features: Key completed features include Binary to Decimal conversion, Character Frequency counting, Factorial (Recursive/Iterative), Fibonacci (Recursive/Iterative), LCM calculation, and Prime Number verification. |
⚙️ DevOps and Release Automation🟢 Status: Passed🌟 Excellent work! Your code passed the DevOps review. |
🔍 Technical Quality Assessment📋 SummaryWe are adding a new collection of basic calculation tools to our system, including features for counting characters, calculating math sequences, and converting number formats. These tools will help automate common tasks, but some of the new code has errors that could cause the system to freeze or give wrong answers. 💼 Business Impact
🎯 Purpose & Scope
📊 Change AnalysisFiles by Category:
Impact Distribution:
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| File | Status | Description | Impact | Issues Detected |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Programs/Test/BinaryToDecimal.py |
Added ( +17/ -0) | Added a script to convert binary numbers to their decimal equivalent using a while loop and mathematical operations. | Medium – The script provides a functional binary-to-decimal converter but contains a logic error in the output message and lacks input validation for non-binary digits. | 2 |
Programs/Test/CharCount.py |
Added ( +18/ -0) | Added a Python script to calculate character frequency in a given string using a dictionary. | Low – The script provides a basic utility for character counting but contains inefficient logic for dictionary lookups. | 1 |
Programs/Test/Factorial.py |
Added ( +22/ -0) | Added a Python script to calculate the factorial of a number using both recursive and iterative methods. | Medium – Provides fundamental mathematical utility functions but contains logical issues in the iterative implementation and lacks input validation. | 3 |
Programs/Test/Fibonacci.py |
Added ( +24/ -0) | Added recursive and iterative implementations of the Fibonacci sequence generator. | Medium – Provides fundamental mathematical utility functions, but the recursive implementation has exponential time complexity which may impact performance for large inputs. | 2 |
Programs/Test/LCM.py |
Added ( +19/ -0) | Added a Python script to calculate the Least Common Multiple (LCM) of two user-provided numbers using an iterative approach. | Medium – The script provides basic mathematical utility but contains a logic flaw that could lead to infinite loops or incorrect results for non-positive inputs. | 1 |
Programs/Test/PrimeNumber.py |
Added ( +23/ -0) | Added a script to check if a number is prime using a loop-based approach. | Medium – The script provides basic prime number checking functionality but contains logical flaws regarding the number 2 and efficiency issues for large inputs. | 2 |
Programs/Test/listoperations.py |
Modified ( +0/ -0) | The file 'Programs/listoperations.py' was renamed to 'Programs/Test/listoperations.py' without any content changes. | Low – This is a file relocation (rename) operation. Since no code was added or modified in the diff, there is no functional impact on the application logic. | 0 |
| decimal = decimal + dec * pow(2, i) | ||
| binary = binary//10 | ||
| i += 1 | ||
| print('Decimal equivalent of {} is {}'.format(binary1, decimal)) |
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Incorrect Output Message
I noticed that the print statement uses the variable binary, which has been reduced to 0 by the end of the while loop. This results in an output like 'Decimal equivalent of 0 is 10' instead of the original input. We should use binary1, which stores the original value, to make the message accurate.
| print('Decimal equivalent of {} is {}'.format(binary1, decimal)) | |
| print('Decimal equivalent of {} is {}'.format(binary1, decimal)) |
| while(binary != 0): | ||
| dec = binary % 10 | ||
| decimal = decimal + dec * pow(2, i) | ||
| binary = binary//10 | ||
| i += 1 |
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Missing Binary Input Validation
Currently, the code accepts any integer (like 123) and treats it as binary, which leads to mathematically incorrect decimal conversions. We should ensure the input only contains digits 0 and 1 to maintain functional correctness.
| while(binary != 0): | |
| dec = binary % 10 | |
| decimal = decimal + dec * pow(2, i) | |
| binary = binary//10 | |
| i += 1 | |
| while(binary != 0): | |
| dec = binary % 10 | |
| if dec not in (0, 1): | |
| print('Invalid binary digit detected') | |
| return | |
| decimal = decimal + dec * pow(2, i) | |
| binary = binary // 10 | |
| i += 1 |
Reasons & Gaps
Reasons
- Non-binary digits (2-9) are processed without error, yielding wrong results
- Functional correctness depends on the input being a base-2 representation
- Lack of validation allows logical errors in the mathematical conversion
Gaps
- The current implementation assumes the user provides valid binary integers
- Adding validation changes the control flow of the existing function
| keys = dict.keys() | ||
| if char in keys: |
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Inefficient Dictionary Lookup
I notice we're calling dict.keys() inside the loop and then checking if the character exists in those keys. In Python, you can check for membership directly in the dictionary, which is much more efficient and readable. This avoids creating a new view object on every iteration of the loop.
| keys = dict.keys() | |
| if char in keys: | |
| if char in dict: |
| while(number > 0): | ||
| fact = fact * number | ||
| number = number - 1 | ||
| print('Factorial of', number,'is: ') | ||
| print(fact) |
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Logical Error in Iterative Factorial Output
I noticed a small logic issue in the factorial_without_recursion function. Since the number variable is decremented within the while loop, the final print statement will always display 'Factorial of 0 is:' regardless of the original input. We should use a temporary variable or print the result before the loop finishes to keep the output accurate.
| while(number > 0): | |
| fact = fact * number | |
| number = number - 1 | |
| print('Factorial of', number,'is: ') | |
| print(fact) | |
| print('Factorial of', number,'is: ') | |
| while(number > 0): | |
| fact = fact * number | |
| number = number - 1 | |
| print(fact) |
| if number == 1 or number == 0: | ||
| return 1 |
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Potential Recursion Depth Error
The recursive factorial function doesn't handle negative numbers, which will lead to a RecursionError (maximum recursion depth exceeded) because the base case number == 1 or number == 0 will never be met. It's a good practice to add a check for negative inputs to prevent the application from crashing.
| if number == 1 or number == 0: | |
| return 1 | |
| if number < 0: | |
| return "Factorial is not defined for negative numbers" | |
| if number == 1 or number == 0: | |
| return 1 |
| if __name__ == '__main__': | ||
| userInput = int(input('Enter the number upto which you wish to calculate fibonnaci series: ')) | ||
| for i in range(userInput + 1): | ||
| print(fibonacci(i),end=' ') |
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Performance Issue: Exponential Time Complexity in Recursion
The current recursive implementation of fibonacci has a time complexity of O(2^n). For larger values of userInput, this will cause the program to hang or crash due to redundant calculations. We should use the iterative version or memoization to ensure the program remains responsive.
| print(fibonacci(i),end=' ') | |
| print(fibonacci_without_recursion(i),end=' ') |
| for i in range(2, number + 1): | ||
| fibonacci1, fibonacci0 = fibonacci0 + fibonacci1, fibonacci1 | ||
| return fibonacci1 |
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Logic Error: Incorrect Iterative Fibonacci Logic
In the fibonacci_without_recursion function, the tuple unpacking logic fibonacci1, fibonacci0 = fibonacci0 + fibonacci1, fibonacci1 is correct for updating the sequence, but the loop range and initial conditions might return the wrong value for n=1. If number is 1, the loop range(2, 2) won't execute, and it returns fibonacci1 which is 1 (correct), but the logic is slightly fragile for edge cases.
| for i in range(2, number + 1): | |
| fibonacci1, fibonacci0 = fibonacci0 + fibonacci1, fibonacci1 | |
| return fibonacci1 | |
| for i in range(1, number): | |
| fibonacci0, fibonacci1 = fibonacci1, fibonacci0 + fibonacci1 | |
| return fibonacci1 |
Reasons & Gaps
Reasons
- Standard iterative Fibonacci uses a more readable state update pattern
- Current loop range starts at 2, which skips execution for small inputs
- Improving the loop structure makes the mathematical intent clearer
Gaps
- The original logic actually works for n=1 and n=0 but is less idiomatic
- Tuple unpacking order in the original code is slightly unconventional
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| def LCM(number1, number2): | ||
| '''This function calculates LCM of two numbers inputed by the user''' | ||
| maximum = max(number1, number2) |
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Infinite Loop Risk with Non-Positive Inputs
I notice that if a user enters 0 or a negative number, the current logic will result in an infinite loop because the increment i += maximum will not progress towards a common multiple correctly. We should add a check to ensure both numbers are positive integers before proceeding with the calculation to prevent the application from hanging.
| maximum = max(number1, number2) | |
| if number1 <= 0 or number2 <= 0: | |
| return 0 | |
| maximum = max(number1, number2) |
Reasons & Gaps
Reasons
- Input of zero causes 'maximum' to be zero or the other number, leading to infinite loop
- Negative inputs are not handled, which is mathematically valid but logically broken here
- Prevents runtime hangs and ensures the function behaves predictably for all integers
Gaps
- The intended use case might only be for positive integers based on the author's comment
- Python's math.lcm handles zero differently by returning zero
| if number == 2: | ||
| print(number, 'is a Prime Number') |
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Redundant Logic for Number 2
I noticed that we're checking if number == 2 twice. First in an explicit if block and then implicitly within the if number > 1 block. Since 2 is the only even prime, we can simplify this by handling the range check more effectively to avoid redundant print statements.
| if number == 2: | |
| print(number, 'is a Prime Number') | |
| if number > 1: |
| if number == 2: | ||
| print(number, 'is a Prime Number') | ||
| if number > 1: | ||
| for i in range(2, number): |
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Performance Issue: Inefficient Prime Check
Currently, the loop runs up to number - 1. For large numbers, this is quite slow. We only need to check up to the square root of the number to determine if it's prime, which significantly improves performance for larger inputs.
| for i in range(2, number): | |
| for i in range(2, int(number**0.5) + 1): |
| #Author: OMKAR PATHAK | ||
| #This program converts the given binary number to its decimal equivalent | ||
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| def binaryToDecimal(binary): |
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Incorrect Function Naming Convention
In Python, function names should follow the snake_case convention. The current name binaryToDecimal uses camelCase, which is inconsistent with PEP 8 standards.
| def binaryToDecimal(binary): | |
| def binary_to_decimal(binary): |
Reasons & Gaps
Reasons
- Python's PEP 8 style guide explicitly recommends snake_case for function and variable names
- Consistent naming conventions improve code maintainability and developer onboarding
- camelCase is non-standard in the Python ecosystem and can lead to stylistic inconsistencies
Gaps
- Some legacy codebases or specific project guidelines might intentionally use camelCase for consistency with other languages
- The function name is otherwise descriptive and clear in its purpose
| def binaryToDecimal(binary): | ||
| '''This function calculates the decimal equivalent to given binary number''' | ||
| binary1 = binary | ||
| decimal, i, n = 0, 0, 0 |
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Single-Character Variable Names
The variable names 'i' and 'n' are non-descriptive. While 'i' is often used as a loop counter, 'n' appears unused in the provided logic. Use descriptive names like 'power_index'.
| decimal, i, n = 0, 0, 0 | |
| decimal, power_index = 0, 0 |
Reasons & Gaps
Reasons
- Single-letter variables like 'n' provide no context regarding the data they represent
- Using 'power_index' instead of 'i' clarifies the mathematical role of the variable in the conversion
- Removing unused variables like 'n' reduces cognitive load and improves code cleanliness
Gaps
- 'i' is a widely accepted convention for indices even outside of explicit for-loop definitions
- The variable 'n' might be intended for future logic not visible in this specific diff
| binary1 = binary | ||
| decimal, i, n = 0, 0, 0 | ||
| while(binary != 0): | ||
| dec = binary % 10 |
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Non-Standard Abbreviation
The variable name 'dec' is a non-standard abbreviation. Expanding it to 'remainder' or 'last_digit' would make the mathematical operation more explicit and readable.
| dec = binary % 10 | |
| last_digit = binary % 10 |
Reasons & Gaps
Reasons
- 'dec' is ambiguous and could be confused with 'decimal' or 'decrement'
- 'last_digit' accurately describes the result of the modulo 10 operation in this context
- Fully expressive names prevent misunderstandings during future code maintenance
Gaps
- 'dec' is a common clipping of 'decimal', though here it represents a single digit
- In short mathematical functions, such abbreviations are sometimes tolerated for brevity
| print('Decimal equivalent of {} is {}'.format(binary1, decimal)) | ||
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| if __name__ == '__main__': | ||
| userInput = int(input('Enter the binary number to check its decimal equivalent: ')) |
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Incorrect Variable Naming Convention
The variable userInput uses camelCase. In Python, local variables should follow the snake_case convention (e.g., user_input) to align with PEP 8 standards.
| userInput = int(input('Enter the binary number to check its decimal equivalent: ')) | |
| user_input = int(input('Enter the binary number to check its decimal equivalent: ')) |
Reasons & Gaps
Reasons
- PEP 8 specifies that variable names should be lowercase, with words separated by underscores
- Consistency in casing prevents the codebase from looking like a mix of different languages
- Standardized naming facilitates better integration with static analysis tools and linters
Gaps
- The variable name is descriptive, with the only issue being the casing style
- Project-specific conventions might occasionally override PEP 8, though rare in Python
| #Author: OMKAR PATHAK | ||
| #This program checks for the character frequency in the given string | ||
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| def charFrequency(userInput): |
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Boolean-Returning Function Without Prefix
The function charFrequency returns a dictionary, but its name uses camelCase which violates Python's snake_case convention. Additionally, if it were a boolean check, it would require a prefix.
| def charFrequency(userInput): | |
| def get_char_frequency(user_input): |
Reasons & Gaps
Reasons
- Python functions should follow the snake_case naming convention per PEP 8
- Adding a verb like 'get' or 'calculate' clarifies the action being performed
- Improves consistency with standard Python library naming patterns
Gaps
- The standard CS-2 focuses on boolean prefixes and vague verbs; while 'charFrequency' is a noun-phrase, it lacks a verb
- Python naming conventions (PEP 8) are the primary driver for the suggested change to snake_case
| def charFrequency(userInput): | ||
| '''This fuction helps to count the char frequency in the given string ''' | ||
| userInput = userInput.lower() #covert to lowercase | ||
| dict = {} |
| userInput = userInput.lower() #covert to lowercase | ||
| dict = {} | ||
| for char in userInput: | ||
| keys = dict.keys() |
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Vague but Functional Generic Name
The variable name keys is generic. While functional, a more descriptive name like existing_chars or dictionary_keys would improve semantic clarity.
| keys = dict.keys() | |
| existing_chars = dict.keys() |
Reasons & Gaps
Reasons
- Generic names like 'keys' provide minimal information about the data content
- Improving semantic clarity helps developers understand the loop logic faster
- Aligns with the goal of making variable names fully expressive
Gaps
- 'keys' is contextually relevant to a dictionary but remains a generic term
- The logic itself is being flagged as inefficient in other reviews, affecting naming relevance
| return number * factorial(number - 1) | ||
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| def factorial_without_recursion(number): | ||
| fact = 1 |
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Refine Variable Name for Clarity
The variable name 'fact' is a common abbreviation. Expanding it to 'factorial_result' or 'result' improves semantic clarity and aligns with descriptive naming standards.
| fact = 1 | |
| factorial_result = 1 |
Reasons & Gaps
Reasons
- Expanding abbreviations reduces cognitive load for developers reading the code
- 'factorial_result' explicitly describes the data being accumulated in the loop
- Avoids non-standard short forms in favor of fully expressive alternatives
Gaps
- 'fact' is a widely recognized abbreviation in mathematical programming contexts
- The local scope of the function makes the variable's purpose relatively clear
| print(fact) | ||
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| if __name__ == '__main__': | ||
| userInput = int(input('Enter the number to find its factorial: ')) |
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Inconsistent Naming Convention
The variable 'userInput' uses camelCase, which is inconsistent with the snake_case convention used elsewhere in the file and standard Python practices.
| userInput = int(input('Enter the number to find its factorial: ')) | |
| user_input = int(input('Enter the number to find its factorial: ')) |
Reasons & Gaps
Reasons
- Python standard (PEP 8) recommends snake_case for variable and function names
- Consistency in naming styles across a module improves overall maintainability
- Refactoring mixed styles ensures the codebase follows a unified professional standard
Gaps
- Naming style choice can sometimes be influenced by personal or legacy preferences
- The variable is functional and its purpose is clear despite the casing style
| return fibonacci1 | ||
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| if __name__ == '__main__': | ||
| userInput = int(input('Enter the number upto which you wish to calculate fibonnaci series: ')) |
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Variable Naming Convention (camelCase in Python)
The variable userInput uses camelCase, which is not the standard naming convention for Python variables. Following PEP 8, variable names should use snake_case for better consistency with the Python ecosystem.
| userInput = int(input('Enter the number upto which you wish to calculate fibonnaci series: ')) | |
| user_input = int(input('Enter the number upto which you wish to calculate fibonnaci series: ')) |
Reasons & Gaps
Reasons
- Python's PEP 8 style guide mandates snake_case for variable and function names
- Consistent naming conventions reduce cognitive load when switching between Python projects
- Using snake_case aligns the code with standard Python library and community practices
Gaps
- Project-specific style guides might occasionally permit camelCase for consistency with other languages
- The variable name is descriptive, so the violation is purely stylistic rather than functional
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| def fibonacci_without_recursion(number): | ||
| if number == 0: return 0 | ||
| fibonacci0, fibonacci1 = 0, 1 |
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Refine Variable Names for Clarity
The variable names fibonacci0 and fibonacci1 are functional but could be more expressive. Using names like previous_term and current_term better describes their roles in the Fibonacci sequence calculation.
| fibonacci0, fibonacci1 = 0, 1 | |
| previous_term, current_term = 0, 1 |
Reasons & Gaps
Reasons
- Descriptive names like 'previous_term' clarify the state of the algorithm at each step
- Avoids using numeric suffixes which can be less intuitive than descriptive adjectives
- Enhances maintainability by making the logic self-documenting for future readers
Gaps
- The current names are mathematically accurate in the context of sequence indices
- Refinement is subjective and depends on the developer's preference for mathematical vs. descriptive naming
| #Author: OMKAR PATHAK | ||
| #This program calculates the LCM of the two numbers entered by the user | ||
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| def LCM(number1, number2): |
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Non-Standard Function Naming
In Python, function names should follow the snake_case convention. Additionally, while 'LCM' is a common abbreviation, using a more descriptive name like calculate_lcm improves readability.
| def LCM(number1, number2): | |
| def calculate_lcm(number1, number2): |
Reasons & Gaps
Reasons
- Python naming conventions (PEP 8) require function names to be in lowercase snake_case
- All-caps names are typically reserved for constants, leading to potential confusion
- Descriptive verbs like 'calculate' clarify the function's intent as an action
Gaps
- 'LCM' is a widely recognized mathematical abbreviation which might be acceptable in scientific contexts
- The project may not strictly enforce PEP 8 snake_case for mathematical utility functions
| def LCM(number1, number2): | ||
| '''This function calculates LCM of two numbers inputed by the user''' | ||
| maximum = max(number1, number2) | ||
| i = maximum |
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Single-Character Variable Name
The variable name 'i' is used here as a tracking value for the multiple being checked. While common in loops, a more descriptive name like 'current_multiple' would enhance clarity.
| i = maximum | |
| current_multiple = maximum |
Reasons & Gaps
Reasons
- Single-letter variables (except for simple loop counters) increase cognitive load
- 'current_multiple' explicitly describes the data the variable represents
- Improves maintainability by making the algorithm's logic self-documenting
Gaps
- 'i' is a standard convention for counters, though usually within 'for' loop definitions
- The local scope is very small, making the purpose of 'i' relatively easy to trace
| return lcm | ||
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| if __name__ == '__main__': | ||
| userInput1 = int(input('Enter first number: ')) |
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Refine Variable Naming and Case
The variable userInput1 uses camelCase, which is non-standard for Python variables. It should be converted to snake_case (e.g., user_input_1) to align with language conventions.
| userInput1 = int(input('Enter first number: ')) | |
| user_input_1 = int(input('Enter first number: ')) |
Reasons & Gaps
Reasons
- Python standard (PEP 8) specifies snake_case for all variable and function names
- Consistent casing across the codebase prevents stylistic friction for maintainers
- Removing numeric suffixes in favor of descriptive parts improves semantic clarity
Gaps
- The name is functional and understandable, making this a low-priority refinement
- Some developers coming from Java/JS backgrounds may use camelCase intentionally
| #Author: OMKAR PATHAK | ||
| #This program checks whether the entered number is prime or not | ||
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| def checkPrime(number): |
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Boolean-Returning Function Without Prefix
The function returns a boolean value but lacks a standard boolean prefix like 'is_' or 'has_'. Renaming it to 'is_prime' follows Python naming conventions for boolean functions.
| def checkPrime(number): | |
| def is_prime(number): |
Reasons & Gaps
Reasons
- Functions returning booleans should use prefixes like 'is_' for clarity
- Improves readability by making the function's return type predictable from its name
- Follows standard Python naming conventions for predicate functions
Gaps
- The current name 'checkPrime' is common in competitive programming contexts
- The function prints output in addition to returning/setting a boolean, which slightly blurs its primary role
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| def checkPrime(number): | ||
| '''This function checks for prime number''' | ||
| isPrime = False |
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Non-Standard Case Convention
In Python, variable names should follow the snake_case convention. 'isPrime' should be renamed to 'is_prime' to align with PEP 8 standards.
| isPrime = False | |
| is_prime = False |
Reasons & Gaps
Reasons
- PEP 8 explicitly recommends snake_case for variable and function names
- Consistent casing reduces cognitive load when reading Python codebases
- Avoids mixing naming styles within the same project or module
Gaps
- camelCase is functional and common for developers coming from Java/C++ backgrounds
- The variable's purpose is clear despite the non-standard casing
| print(number, 'is a Prime Number') | ||
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| if __name__ == '__main__': | ||
| userInput = int(input('Enter a number to check: ')) |
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Non-Standard Case Convention
Variable names in Python should use snake_case rather than camelCase. Renaming 'userInput' to 'user_input' ensures consistency with Python style guides.
| userInput = int(input('Enter a number to check: ')) | |
| user_input = int(input('Enter a number to check: ')) |
Reasons & Gaps
Reasons
- Adheres to the PEP 8 standard for variable naming in Python
- Maintains stylistic consistency across the Python ecosystem
- Prevents the 'mixedCase' anti-pattern in Python scripts
Gaps
- The variable name is descriptive and its meaning is unambiguous
- Project-specific conventions might occasionally allow camelCase for local variables
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This pull request introduces several new Python programs for common mathematical and string operations, as claimed by the user. These additions enhance the utility collection with fundamental algorithms.
Programs/Test/BinaryToDecimal.py, implementing thebinaryToDecimalfunction to convert binary numbers to their decimal equivalent.Programs/Test/CharCount.py, which includes thecharFrequencyfunction for counting character occurrences in a string.Programs/Test/Factorial.py, providing both recursive (factorial) and iterative (factorial_without_recursion) methods to calculate the factorial of a number.Programs/Test/Fibonacci.pywith functionsfibonacci(recursive) andfibonacci_without_recursion(iterative) to generate Fibonacci series up to a given term.Programs/Test/LCM.py, containing theLCMfunction to compute the Least Common Multiple of two numbers.Programs/Test/PrimeNumber.pywith thecheckPrimefunction to determine if a given number is prime.[email-to: sindhuja.golagani@techolution.com]